• 한국재료학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2022

Effect of sulfation processes on the physicochemical properties of ZrO₂ and TiO₂ nanoparticles were thoroughly investigated. SO₄/ZrO₂ and SO₄/TiO₂ catalysts were synthesized to identify the acidity character of each. The wet impregnation method of ZrO₂ and TiO₂ nanoparticles was employed using H2SO₄ with various concentrations of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 M, followed by calcination at 400, 500, and 600 ℃ to obtain optimum conditions of the catalyst synthesis process. The highest total acidity was found when using 1 M SO₄/ZrO₂-500 and 1 M SO₄/TiO₂-500 catalysts, with total acidity values of 2.642 and 6.920 mmol/g, respectively. Sulfation increases titania particles via agglomeration. In contrast, sulfation did not practically change the size of zirconia particles. The sulfation process causes color of both catalyst particles to brighten due to the presence of sulfate. There was a decrease in surface area and pore volume of catalysts after sulfation; the materials' mesoporous structural properties were confirmed. The 1 M SO₄/ZrO₂ and 1 M SO₄/TiO₂ catalysts calcined at 500 ℃ are the best candidate heterogeneous acid catalysts synthesized in thus work.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.120-132
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• 2021

기존 LiCoO₂의 고전압 사용의 제약에 따른 용량적 한계와 코발트 원료의 높은 가격을 해결하기 위하여 high-Nickel에 대한 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있지만 Ni 함량의 증가에 따른 구조적 안정성의 저하에 의한 전지 특성의 저하는 상용화를 지연시키는 중요한 원인이 되고 있다. 이에 Ni-rich 삼성분계 양극소재 LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂의 고안정성을 높이고자 전구체에 균일한 이종원소 Ti를 치환을 위해서 나노크기의 TiO₂ 서스펜젼 형태 소스를 사용하여 전구체 Ni_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2-x(OH)₂/xTiO₂를 제조하였다. Li₂CO₃와 혼합하고, 열처리 후 양극활물질 LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2-xTi_xO₂ 합성하여 Ti 함량에 따른 물리적 특성을 비교하였다. Field Emission Scanning electron Microscope(FE-SEM) 및 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping 분석을 통해 Ti 치환된 구형의 전구체와 입자 크기 측정을 통해 균일한 입자크기를 가지는 양극 활물질 제조를 확인하였고, 내부치밀도와 강도가 증가함을 확인 하고, X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) 구조 분석과 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 정량분석을 통해 Ti 치환된 양극활물질 제조 및 고온, 고전압에서 충·방전을 지속하더라도 효과적으로 용량이 유지됨을 확인하였다.

• 세라미스트
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2020

In this study, the phase transition behaviors of lead-free (Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃)_(1-x)-(BaTiO₃)_x (NBT-BT) are investigated by using Brillouin spectroscopy. The elastic properties, sound velocity and absorption coefficient of NBT-BT are characterized as a function of temperature along different crystallographic axes. The temperature dependences of the elastic constants of NBT-BT near the morphotropic phase boundary are determined for the first time. The unpoled NBT-BT single crystals exhibits the typical relaxor behaviors, presenting broad acoustic and dielectric anomalies. The application of electric field induced discontinuous changes in the elastic properties at ~110℃, which indicates field-induced phase transition occurred. The electric field also changes the dielectric constant from more relaxor-like to ferroelectric-like dielectric behavior.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2020년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.130-131
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• 2020

This study manufactured the porous foamed concrete granules coated with TiO₂ Nanoparticles, to widen the specific surface area. The Removal rate of concrete granules coated with TiO₂ Nanoparticles was average 56.7%, which was approximately 2.3 time higher than that of the conventional surface TiO₂ coating.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.310-316
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• 2012

Nanocrystalline $BaTiO_3$ powder could be synthesized by solid-state reaction using the mixture which was prepared by a high energy milling process in a bead mill for $BaCO_3$ and nanocrystalline $TiO_2$ powders mixture. Effect of the milling time on the powder characteristic of the synthesized $BaTiO_3$ powder was investigated. Nanocrystalline $BaTiO_3$ with a particle size of 50 nm was obtained at $800^{\circ}C$. High tetragonal $BaTiO_3$ powder with a tetragonality(=c/a) of 1.009 and a specific surface area of $7.6m^2/g$ was acquired after heat-treatment at $950^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. High energy ball milling was effective in decreasing the reaction temperature and increasing the tetragonality.

• 센서학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2023

0.75(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃-0.25SrTiO₃ (BNT-25ST) ceramics with high densities were successfully prepared at a sintering temperature of 1,000℃ by adding a mixture of 1 mol% CuO and 0.5 mol% Na₂CO₃ or 0.5 mol% CuO and 0.25 mol% Na₂CO₃. Double polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis curves and sprout-shaped bipolar strain-electric field (S-E) hysteresis curves with small negative strains were observed in the pristine and CuO-added BNT-25ST ceramics whereas the Na₂CO₃-added sample showed similar P-E and S-E curves to a typical ferroelectric. The pristine BNT-25ST ceramics showed an extremely large strain and a large-signal piezoelectric strain constant (d₃₃^*): 0.287 % at 80 kV/cm and 850 pm/V at 20 kV/cm. Similar values, 0.248 % at 80 kV/cm and 655 pm/V at 20 kV/cm, were obtained in the CuO-added sample. However, the pristine and CuO-added samples showed large hysteresis in unipolar S-E curves at an electric field of less than 20 kV/cm. The Na₂CO₃-added sample showed smaller values of the strain and d₃₃^* but displayed a linear change and small hysteresis in the unipolar S-E curve. The co-added sample with CuO and Na₂CO₃ displayed intermediate P-E and S-E hysteresis curves.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2013년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.114-115
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• 2013

$Ti_3AlC_2$ was corroded between 800 and $1100^{\circ}C$ in an Ar-0.2% $SO_2$ gas atmosphere according to the equation: $Ti_3AlC_2+O_2{\rightarrow}rutile-TiO_2+{\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ + (CO or $CO_2$). The scales that formed on the $Ti_3AlC_2$ were thin and rich in ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$, whose growth rate was exceedingly slow. The $TiO_2$ was present either as the outermost surface scale or a mixture inside the ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$-rich scale. In the $Ti_3AlC_2$, the activity and diffusivity of Ti were low, whereas those of Al were high. This was the main reason for the superior corrosion resistance of $Ti_3AlC_2$ over TiAl.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2024

Nanoparticles are commonly used to avoid the opaque white color of TiO₂ based sunscreen. However, a dispersing agent is typically required because of the tendency of the nanoparticles (NPs) to agglomerate. Stearic acid is one kind of dispersing agent often used for sunscreen products. However, according to the MSDS data sheet on stearic acid, stearic acid is highly hazardous to aquatic life and causes irritation on human skin. To avoid this problem, in this study a safer organic dispersing agent extracted from Korean seaweed has been studied to disperse TiO₂ nanoparticles, and further use as an active agent in sunscreen products. The presence of phytochemicals in seaweed extract, especially alginate, can disperse TiO₂ nanoparticles and improve TiO₂ dispersion properties. Results show that seaweed extract can improve the dispersion properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles and sunscreen products. Reducing the agglomeration of TiO₂ nanoparticles improves sunscreen properties, by making it less opaque white in color, and increasing UV protection value. It was also confirmed that adding seaweed extract into sunscreen products had no irritating effects on the human skin, making it more desirable for cosmetics application.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.195-214
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• 2020

삼광 금-은 광상은 과거 한국에서 가장 큰 금-은 광상들 중의 하나였다. 이 광상은 선캠브리아기의 변성퇴적암류내에 발달된 열극대를 충진한 8개조의 석영맥으로 구성된 조산형 금-은 광상이다. 이 광상에서 함 티타늄 광물로는 설석, 티탄철석 및 금홍석이며 설석과 티탄철석은 모암에서만 산출되나 금홍석은 모암과 엽리상 석영맥에서 산출된다. 이들 광물들은 모암에선 흑운모, 백운모, 녹니석, 백색운모, 모나자이트, 저어콘 및 인회석과 엽리상 석영맥에선 백색운모, 녹니석 및 유비철석 등과 함께 산출된다. 설석은 최대 3.94 wt.% (Al₂O₃), 0.49 wt.% (FeO), 0.52 wt.% (Nb₂O₅), 0.46 wt.% (Y₂O₃) 및 0.43 wt.% (V₂O₅) 값을 갖는다. 이 설석은 0.06~0.14 (Fe/Al 비) 값으로 변성기원의 설석이고 X_Al (=Al/Al+Fe³⁺+Ti) 값이 0.06~0.15 값으로 저 함량 알루미늄 설석에 해당된다. 티탄철석은 최대 0.07 wt.% (ZrO₂), 0.12 wt.% (HfO₂), 0.26 wt.% (Nb₂O₅), 0.04 wt.% (Sb₂O₅), 0.13 wt.% (Ta₂O₅), 2.62 wt.% (As₂O₅), 0.29 wt.% (V₂O₅), 0.12 wt.% (Al₂O₃), 1.59 wt.% (ZnO)로써 As₂O₅ 함량이 높게 산출된다. 금홍석의 화학조성은 모암과 엽리상 석영맥에서 각각 최대 0.35 wt.%, 0.65 wt.% (HfO₂), 2.52 wt.%, 0.19 wt.% (WO₃), 1.28 wt.%, 1.71 wt.% (Nb₂O₃), 0.03 wt.%, 0.07 wt.% (Sb₂O₃), 0.28 wt.%, 0.21 wt.% (As₂O₅), 0.68 wt.%, 0.70 wt.% (V₂O₃), 0.48 wt.%, 0.59 wt.% (Cr₂O₃), 0.70 wt.%, 1.90 wt.% (Al₂O₃), 4.76 wt.%, 3.17 wt.% (FeO)로써 엽리상 석영맥의 금홍석에서 HfO₂, Nb₂O₃, As₂O₅, Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃ 및 FeO 원소들의 함량이 모암의 금홍석보다 높지만 WO₃ 원소의 함량은 낮다. 이 미량원소들은 모암의 금홍석[(Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺) + Hf⁴⁺+(W⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺) ⟵⟶; 2Ti⁴⁺+ V⁴⁺, 2Fe²⁺+(Al³⁺, Cr³⁺) + Hf⁴⁺+(W⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺) ⟵⟶ 2Ti⁴⁺+2V⁴⁺], 엽리상 석영맥의 금홍석 [(Fe³⁺, Al³⁺) + As⁵⁺ ⟵⟶ Ti⁴⁺+ V⁴⁺, (Fe³⁺, Al³⁺) + As⁵⁺ ⟵⟶ Ti⁴⁺+Hf⁴⁺, 4(Fe³⁺, Al³⁺) ⟵⟶ Ti⁴⁺+(W⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺) + Cr³⁺]로써 치환관계가 있었다. 이들 자료를 근거로, 모암내 산출되는 설석, 티탄철석 및 금홍석은 광역변성작용 동안 모암광물들의 변질 시 광물내 존재했던 W⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Hf⁴⁺, V⁴⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺ 등과 같은 양이온들의 재 용해 및 농집에 의해 형성되었다. 그후 계속된 연성전단 시 엽리상 석영맥내 금홍석은 열수 용액의 유입에 따른 백색운모와 녹니석의 모암변질작용에 의한 양이온들의 재 용해 및 재 농집과 더불어 초기에 형성된 설석, 티탄철석 및 금홍석과의 반응에 의해 기존에 이들 광물내에 존재하였던 Nb⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Hf⁴⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺과 같은 양이온들의 재농집에 의해 형성된 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.933-941
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• 2008

The formation of $Co_nTiO_{n+2}$ compounds, i.e., $CoTiO_3$ and $CO_2TiO_4$, in a 5wt% $CoO_x/TiO_2$ catalyst after calcination at different temperatures has been characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements to verify our earlier model associated with $CO_3O_4$ nanoparticles present in the catalyst, and laboratory-synthesized $Co_nTiO_{n+2}$ chemicals have been employed to directly measure their activity profiles for CO oxidation at $100^{\circ}C$. SEM measurements with the synthetic $CoTiO_3$ and $CO_2TiO_4$ gave the respective tetragonal and rhombohedral morphology structures, in good agreement with the earlier XRD results. Weak Raman peaks at 239, 267 and 336 $cm^{-1}$ appeared on 5wt% $CoO_x/TiO_2$ after calcination at $570^{\circ}C$ but not on the catalyst calcined at $450^{\circ}C$, and these peaks were observed for the $Co_nTiO_{n+2}$ compounds, particularly $CoTiO_3$. All samples of the two cobalt titanate possessed O ls XPS spectra comprised of strong peaks at $530.0{\pm}0.1$ eV with a shoulder at a 532.2-eV binding energy. The O ls structure at binding energies near 530.0 eV was shown for a sample of 5 wt% $CoO_x/TiO_2$, irrespective to calcination temperature. The noticeable difference between the catalyst calcined at 450 and $570^{\circ}C$ is the 532.2 eV shoulder which was indicative of the formation of the $Co_nTiO_{n+2}$ compounds in the catalyst. No long-life activity maintenance of the synthetic $Co_nTiO_{n+2}$ compounds for CO oxidation at $100^{\circ}C$ was a good vehicle to strongly sup port the reason why the supported $CoO_x$ catalyst after calcination at $570^{\circ}C$ had been practically inactive for the oxidation reaction in our previous study; consequently, the earlier proposed model for the $CO_3O_4$ nanoparticles existing with the catalyst following calcination at different temperatures is very consistent with the characterization results and activity measurements with the cobalt titanates.