• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.114-121
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• 2010

Portland cement production is under critical review due to high amount of CO2 gas released to the atmosphere. Attempts to increase the utilization of a by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag to partially replace the cement in concrete are gathering momentum. But most of by-products is currently dumped in landfills, thus creating a threat to the environment. Many researches on alkali-activated concrete that does not need the presence of cement as a binder have been carried out recently. However, most study deal only with alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag or fly ash, as for the combined use of the both, little information is reported. In this study, we investigated the influence of mixture ratio of fly ash/ blast furnace slag tand curing condition on the flowability and compressive strength of mortar in oder to develop cementless alkali-activated concrete. In view of the results, we found out that the mixture ratio of fly ash/blast furnace slag always results to be significant factors. But the influence of curing temperature in the strength development of mortar is lower than the contribution due to other factors. At the age of 28days, the mixture 50% fly ash and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag activated with 1:1 the mass ratio of 9M NaOH and sodium silicate, develop compressive strength of about 65 MPa under $20^{\circ}C$ curing.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.107-116
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• 2013

Occur in various parts of the world and the new aspects of the regional conflict is spreading. Nation and civilization, one based on religious ideology, hegemonic tendencies areas of conflict are factors that appear. It has the characteristic that inheritance and conflict between civilizations is spreading. Christian and Islamic books, especially the confrontation and conflict is surfaced in the international political aspects, and a threat to the security of the human race is approaching. To assert the superiority of Western Christianity emerging countries, the salvation of mankind and world peace mission with the historical non-democracy, human rights, women's rights, underdevelopment, nuclear issues, and the spirit of Christian civilization, considered to be linked and reverse, Democracy Launching and human rights issues are forcing Western development model. Islam believes in absolute monotheism that God Lord only determined by the 'slave' and having the determination to serve the religious, political, social and cultural nature ingrained, and closely adjacent to each other geographically, to focus on in quency characteristics higher than the other civilizations are appearing. To assert the doctrine of non-violent Islam 'Koran' and 'knife' became known as the violent images appear in the armed conflict between the culture method. Today the world is facing a clash of civilizations is derived from the religious conflicts and confrontation and friction between the nations appear. In particular, the deep religious roots of Christianity and Islam, the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the right to live in strife confrontation between Christianity and Islam was spread. By a factor of civilization and the spread of terrorism occurred historically proven came here from all over the earth that is being generated is true. Civilization are the symbol of the nation and the species identity.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.19-28
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• 2010

Attempts to increase the utilization of a by-products such as fly ash and blast furnace slag to partially replace the cement in concrete are gathering momentum. But most of by-products is currently dumped in landfills, thus creating a threat to the environment. Many researches on alkali-activated concrete that does not need the presence of cement as a binder have been carried out recently. However, most study deal only with alkali-activated blast furnace slag or fly ash, as for the combined use of the both, little information is reported. In this study, we investigated the influence of mixture ratio of fly ash/slag, type of alkaline activator and curing condition on the workability and compressive strength of mortar in oder to develop cementless alkali-activated concrete. In view of the results, we found out that the mixture ratio of fly ash/slag and the type of alkaline activator always results to be significant factors. But the influence of curing temperature in the strength development of mortar is lower than the contribution due to other factors. At the age of 28days, the mixture 50% fly ash and 50% slag activated with 1:1 the mass ratio of 9M NaOH and sodium silicate, develop compressive strength of about 65 MPa under $20^{\circ}C$ curing.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.141-162
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• 2017

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) crisis introduced a system for easy layoffs. With recent economic downturn, employees have been asked to retire early and less new jobs have become available. More small businesses as a result have been started. The purpose of this research is to study weight and ranking on SWOT factors of korea food service franchise industry using the SWOT analysis. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) were used to analyze the SWOT found by the surveys. First, the SWOT analysis shows that the franchise owners and the expert group view the industry positively overall and there are more strengths, opportunities than weaknesses, threats. While there are negatives and threats to the industry overall, many people think that there are more opportunities and positive aspects. Second, the franchise owners rank proven business model and platform (S3) as the strongest strength of food service franchise businesses while the expert group ranks management supports (S2) from headquarters as the strongest strength. Third, the expert group and franchise owner group indicate that the weight on unfair franchise contracts with headquarters(W3) and high penalty from breaking a franchise agreement(W4) are 60% of weaknesses. Fourth, both the expert group and franchise owner group indicate that change in people's lifestyle, value system and consumption pattern(O3) as the most important opportunity. Fifth, both groups indicate that changes in consumption pattern(T1) due to ever changing food service industry as the biggest threat. It is ranked higher than the entry of korea food service franchises.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.18-25
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• 2017

Recently, disasters have become bigger and more complex, and the economic damage has increased due to the increase of urbanization and the concentration of infrastructure. These large complex disasters occur simultaneously in the second and third disasters due to the first single disaster, but the existing disaster management system in Korea is less adaptable because it is divided into natural disasters and social disasters. The cause of the complex disaster is the rapid urbanization of the residential environment caused by the change of the industrial structure, and the threat factors are various and unpredictable in the living environment. Natural disasters are becoming larger and more complex due to climate change due to global warming. Unlike the past, natural disasters are likely to develop into multiple disasters such as urban paralysis. Therefore, this paper considers natural disasters and social disasters in a comprehensive concept in order to overcome limitations of disaster management by existing single factors and manage disasters effectively and rationally. It is expected that it will play a big role in protecting the lives and property of the people through the establishment of a preemptive disaster management framework.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2018

This study was performed to analyze the dynamics and distributional condition of biological community and to support the basic information about the estuarine ecosystem management by using the intensively surveyed results by each taxon experts around Tamjin river. We analyzed the biological diversity, abundance, correlation among species, and ecological characteristics about 11 taxa groups including vegetation, fish, birds, mammals, etc. in the Tamjin river estuarine ecosystem. We classified vegetation types into 7 physiognomic types and 18 communities according to habitat conditions with the physical environments and salinity. In total, 1125 species including 9 species of endangered species were identified in research area. The species composition and distributional characteristics of each taxon were corresponded to the environmental characteristics of the estuarine ecosystem. Especially, the species diversity and distribution were clearly distinguished in the river according to the difference of the environmental factors such as flow rate, salinity, and soil. Despite the disturbance factors such as barrage and levees, the biodiversity and its distribution were evaluated to be high level under the current environmental conditions. However, loss or reduction of wildlife habitat due to reclamation, embankment, barrage installation and expansion of farmland has been identified as a major threat to the diversity and health of the local ecosystem. The results of this study can be used as a basic data to cope with various development pressure and damage crisis of the whole estuaries including Tamjin river.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.60-73
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to describe a total pain model in patients with terminal cancer and to identify factors relating to total pain using the Twycross Pain Management Model, which included physical, psycho-social and spiritual pain. Method : The study was a retrospective descriptive study. The first stage included 87 patients who received hospice service at Y hospital in 1997. The second stage included five model patients who suffer severe pain as selected by the four hospice nurses. Data collection was from 1) chart analysis and 2) in-depth interviews with the hospice nurses about their selected patients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-WIN and content analysis. Result : 1) The main problems of 3 patient with terminal cancer were pain(77%), constipation (25.3%), family coping(35.6%), psycho-spiritual distress(17.2%)and other symptoms. 2. The Twycross model was a useful model. However, new items were added; loneliness, depression, and no improvement in condition as depression factors. In anger, new items were anger due to family neglect, at God and in relationships. The case studies identified the followsing; 1) Patient suffer from physical pain as well as multiple other symptoms when cancer is advanced. 2) Body concept, role change, threat to self concept, fear of pain, fear of death, anxiety, family conflict, financial burden, spiritual distress, hope for a cure, are all affected. Conclusion : 1) It is believed that the Twycross model is useful but further tests and revisions are necessary for deciding priorities in the care plan. 2) Pain management must improve culturally appropriate and family support, psychological, spiritual care are imperative for patient with terminal cancer. 3) Further study is recommended to test correlations of depression, anxiety, spiritual distress and family coping using valid instruments. A qualitative study on the spiritual journey of the patient with terminal cancer is also recommended.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2018

This study aims to present policy implications by analyzing information security behavior factors of internet users. The research model, based on PMT and UTAUT2, consists of perceived threat, severity, social influence, self-efficacy, experience and habits, PC and privacy behaviors, security behaviors on new services and set demographic characteristics, use places of internet, use of paid products, and experiences of accident as moderate variables to analyze the effect on security behavior. The results showed that perceived severity, self-efficacy significantly influenced on experience and habits, and experience and habits and self-efficacy had a high influence on PC and privacy behavior. Also, PC and privacy behaviors have a high impact on security behavior of new services. Age, income, use of paid products, and experience of accidents have a moderating effects on security behaviors. The results of this study are expected to help policy decision making to improve the level of information security of internet users.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.334-348
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• 2015

Widespread use of smart devices accompanies increase of use of access point (AP), which enables the connection to the wireless network. If the appropriate security is not served when a user tries to connect the wireless network through an AP, various security problems can arise due to the rogue APs. In this paper, we are going to examine the threat by evil-twin, which is a kind of rogue APs. Most of recent researches for detecting rogue APs utilize the measured time difference, such as round trip time (RTT), between the evil-twin and authorized APs. These methods, however, suffer from the low detection rate in the network congestion. Due to these reasons, in this paper, we suggest a new factor, packet inter-arrival time (PIAT), in order to detect evil-twins. By using both RTT and PIAT as the learning factors for the support vector machine (SVM), we determine the non-linear metric to classify evil-twins and authorized APs. As a result, we can detect evil-twins with the probability of up to 96.5% and at least 89.75% even when the network is congested.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2017

Objectives: Stress is a psychological reaction to stimuli such as anxiety or threat felt by a person either physically or mentally when placed in a difficult situation. Although a relationship between stress and dry mouth has been reported, it remains understudied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between stress and subjective dry mouth among the elderly living in a rural region. Methods: A total of 214 people aged ${\geq}60years$ living in a rural area were recruited with an informed consent for a cross-sectional analysis. Information about stress and subjective dry mouth was obtained by an interview survey with a constructed questionnaire. Data on other potential confounding factors (including oral factors) such as socio-demographic data, health-related behaviors, the number of remaining teeth, and subjective chewing ability were also gathered at the same time. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship of stress and dry mouth using SPSS. Results: The Crude odds ratio (OR) of stress awareness affecting subjective dry mouth was 2.59 (95% confidence interval: 1.43-4.68). After adjusting for sex, education, income, smoking, and alcohol intake, the adjusted OR was 2.52 (95% confidence interval: 1.30-4.87) which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Elderly people who were stressed had an approximately 2-fold increase in experiencing subjective dry mouth when compared to their stress-free counterparts.