• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2023

The Ecosystem Conservation Levy (formerly known as the Ecosystem Conservation Cooperation Fund) system has been in place for 20 years, and it can be said that it has now entered the settlement stage. Based on an analysis of publicly available project implementation data from 2014 to 2020, we found that: 1) As the number of return projects increases, the targets of restoration technologies are also strengthening, and it is necessary to frame a series of processes from application, creation, and monitoring for some detailed projects to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of utilizing the levy. 2) Most of the implemented projects are applied as micro-ecosystem creation, but there are many cases where the contents of the project can be seen as other project categories. This shows that the purpose of the return project needs to be approached more clearly and suggests that institutional complementation is needed from the project application stage. 3) The detailed technologies applied tend to be gradually expanding, but most of them are technologies that are not differentiated from general development projects. It is urgent to secure a more technical identity, such as a range and list of utilized technologies suitable for the characteristics and purposes of return projects. 4) It is necessary to establish a relevant evaluation system or framework to utilize the monitoring results of restoration projects. 5) There have been few cases of application of single restoration technologies since the beginning, but the content and scope of the complexity tend to expand in recent years. Even if the objectives are not comprehensive and diverse, it can be seen that many parts of the projects are oriented toward convergence, so it is necessary to conduct separate research on this. 6) As for the direction of improvement of the return project, it is possible to consider expanding the restoration and conservation focus to partially accommodate the complexity of the natural environment and human ecology. It seems that the expansion of restoration technologies that consider the role and function of humans in the natural environment should be explored.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 경북 구미시 봉곡천에 최근 건설된 다기능어도를 대상으로 SAP2000으로 구조 해석하기 위한 변수를 R/C Slab, R/C+S/C Slab 및 지하이동통로 규격(가로${\times}$세로)을 $1m{\times}0.2m$, $1m{\times}0.4m$, $1m{\times}0.6m$와 유속 0.8m/s, 1.2m/s, 1.6m/s으로 구분하여 해석한 결과와 봉곡천 설계식을 비교하여 안정성을 검토하였다. 봉곡천의 설계식 보다 R/C+S/C Slab 타입이 지하이동통로 출구부는 휨모멘트와 최대응력은 각각 28~54%, 26~50%, 측벽은 24~47%, 17~31%, 상부슬래브인 경우도 10~27%, 4~20% 적게 나타났다. 따라서 최대응력과 휨모멘트가 R/C+S/C Slab 타입이 구조 안정성이 확보되는 것으로 나타났기 때문에 지하통로는 휨모멘트와 최대 응력이 27%, 25%, 측벽은 24%, 15% 상부슬래브는 14%, 10%의 보완이 요구되는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과는 지하이동통로 규격이 봉곡천 규격과 동일한 $1m{\times}0.4m$일 때가 $1m{\times}0.2m$, $1m{\times}0.6m$ 보다 안정성이 가장 유리한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 해석 및 분석 결과를 근거로 다기능어도 시공 시 기본 자료로 활용이 기대된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2015

The regulation of flowering time has crucial implications for plant fitness. MicroRNA156 (miR156) represses the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the mechanisms regulating its transcription remain unclear. Here, we show that two AGAMOUS-like proteins, AGL15 and AGL18, act as positive regulators of the expression of MIR156. Small RNA northern blot analysis revealed a significant decrease in the levels of mature miR156 in agl15 agl18 double mutants, but not in the single mutants, suggesting that AGL15 and AGL18 co-regulate miR156 expression. Histochemical analysis further indicated that the double mutants showed a reduction in MIR156 promoter strength. The double mutants also showed reduced abundance of pri-miR156a and pri-miR156c, two of the primary transcripts from MIR156 genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that AGL15 directly associated with the CArG motifs in the MIR156a/c promoters. AGL18 did not show binding affinity to the CArG motifs, but pull-down and yeast two-hybrid assays showed that AGL18 forms a heterodimer with AGL15. GFP reporter assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) showed that AGL15 and AGL18 co-localize in the nucleus and confirmed their in vivo interaction. Overexpression of miR156 did not affect the levels of AGL15 and AGL18 transcripts. Taking these data together, we present a model for the transcriptional regulation of MIR156. In this model, AGL15 and AGL18 may form a complex along with other proteins, and bind to the CArG motifs of the promoters of MIR156 to activate the MIR156 expression.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.15-15
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• 2014

Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight of major cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and rice, as well as causing ear and stalk rot on maize worldwide. Plant diseases caused by this fungus lead to severe yield losses and accumulation of harmful mycotoxins in infected cereals [1]. Fungi utilize spore production as a mean to rapidly avoid unfavorable environmental conditions and to amplify their population. Spores are produced sexually and asexually and their production is precisely controlled. Upstream developmental activators consist of fluffy genes have been known to orchestrate early induction of condiogenesis in a model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in F. graminearum, we characterized functions of the F. graminearum fluffy gene homologs [2]. We found that FlbD is conserved regulatory function for conidiogenesis in both A. nidulans and F. graminearum among five fluffy gene homologs. flbD deletion abolished conidia and perithecia production, suggesting that FlbD have global roles in hyphal differentiation processes in F. graminearum. We further identified and functionally characterized the ortholog of AbaA, which is involved in differentiation from vegetative hyphae to conidia and known to be absent in F. graminearum [3]. Deletion of abaA did not affect vegetative growth, sexual development, or virulence, but conidium production was completely abolished and thin hyphae grew from abnormally shaped phialides in abaA deletion mutants. Overexpression of abaA resulted in pleiotropic defects such as impaired sexual and asexual development, retarded conidium germination, and reduced trichothecene production. AbaA localized to the nuclei of phialides and terminal cells of mature conidia. Successful interspecies complementation using A. nidulans AbaA and the conserved AbaA-WetA pathway demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms responsible for AbaA activity are conserved in F. graminearum as they are in A. nidulans. F. graminearum ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans wetA has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation [4]. Deletion of F. graminearum wetA did not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but the wetA deletion mutants produced longer conidia with fewer septa, and the conidia were sensitive to acute stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress. Furthermore, the survival rate of aged conidia from the F. graminearum wetA deletion mutants was reduced. The wetA deletion resulted in vigorous generation of single-celled conidia through autophagy-dependent microcycle conidiation, indicating that WetA functions to maintain conidia dormancy by suppressing microcycle conidiation in F. graminearum. In A. nidulans, FlbB physically interacts with FlbD and FlbE, and the resulting FlbB/FlbE and FlbB/FlbD complexes induce the expression of flbD and brlA, respectively. BrlA is an activator of the AbaA-WetA pathway. AbaA and WetA are required for phialide formation and conidia maturation, respectively [5]. In F. graminearum, the AbaA-WetA pathway is similar to that of A. nidulans, except a brlA ortholog does not exist. Amongst the fluffy genes, only fgflbD has a conserved role for regulation of the AbaA-WetA pathway.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.44-54
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• 2021

최근 CMR 시장이 성장함에 따라 그동안 ACM 서비스를 제공해 왔던 기존의 설계사들과 CM사들도 CMR 프로젝트에 참여할 의지를 보이고 있으며 시공 부문을 도입하려는 움직임을 보이고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 건설 사업 관리 분야에서 많은 경험과 노하우를 가지고 있는 ACM사들이 CMR 시장에 진입할 여건이 만들어졌다는 가정 하에, 문헌 조사를 통해 CMR 프로젝트 수행을 위한 역량들을 도출하였고 이를 바탕으로 한 설문 조사를 통해, ACM사가 CMR 프로젝트를 수행하기 위해서 보완해야 할 역량을 도출하였다. 그 결과, 협력 업체, 금융 및 보증, 리스크 및 클레임, 사업비와 관련된 역량의 보완 수준이 타 역량에 비해 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 전체 역량의 보유 수준이 요구 수준 대비 평균 76% 정도로서 확보해야 할 역량의 보완 수준이 높음을 고려하였을 때, 초기에는 리스크가 비교적 작은 소규모 CMR 프로젝트 위주로 수행하면서 역량을 강화한 후 수행 규모를 키워 나가는 것이 유리할 것으로 판단된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2020

The Drosophila transmembrane semaphorin Sema-1a mediates forward and reverse signaling that plays an essential role in motor and central nervous system (CNS) axon pathfinding during embryonic neural development. Previous immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Sema-1a is expressed on most commissural and longitudinal axons in the CNS and five motor nerve branches in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, Sema-1a-mediated axon guidance function contributes significantly to both intersegmental nerve b (ISNb) and segmental nerve a (SNa), and slightly to ISNd and SNc, but not to ISN motor axon pathfinding. Here, we uncover three cis-regulatory elements (CREs), R34A03, R32H10, and R33F06, that robustly drove reporter expression in a large subset of neurons in the CNS. In the transgenic lines R34A03 and R32H10 reporter expression was consistently observed on both ISNb and SNa nerve branches, whereas in the line R33F06 reporter expression was irregularly detected on ISNb or SNa nerve branches in small subsets of abdominal hemisegments. Through complementation test with a Sema-1a loss-of-function allele, we found that neuronal expression of Sema-1a driven by each of R34A03 and R32H10 restores robustly the CNS and PNS motor axon guidance defects observed in Sema-1a homozygous mutants. However, when wild-type Sema-1a is expressed by R33F06 in Sema-1a mutants, the Sema-1a PNS axon guidance phenotypes are partially rescued while the Sema-1a CNS axon guidance defects are completely rescued. These results suggest that in a redundant manner, the CREs, R34A03, R32H10, and R33F06 govern the Sema-1a expression required for the axon guidance function of Sema-1a during embryonic neural development.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.671-677
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• 2011

대두의 세포막에 존재하는 SCA1은 칼모듈린에 의해서 조절된다는 내용을 이전에 보고하였다. 본 연구에서는 대두의 $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase인 SCA2에 관한 특성을 연구하였다. SCA2는 SCA1과 아미노산 서열 비교에서 78%로 높은 유사성을 나타내며, 10개의 transmembrane 도메인이 존재하는 것을 확인하였다. CaM overaly assay로부터, SCA2는 칼슘에 의존적인 방법으로 칼모듈린과 결합한다는 것을 보여주었으며, Southern blot 분석 결과, 대두의 genome에는 두 종류의 $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase가 존재하는 것으로 보인다. SCA2의 $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase 효소활성을 확인하고자 yeast mutant를 이용하여 complementation assay를 수행해 보면, SCA2가 $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase의 효소활성을 가지는 것을 보여 주었다. 이러한 결과들은 SCA2가 식물에 존재하는 type IIB $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase들과 구조적으로 높은 유사성을 가진다는 것을 시사한다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.594-602
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• 2016

Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (PaAhpC) is a member of the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin family. Here, we examined the peroxidase and molecular chaperone functions of PaAhpC using a site-directed mutagenesis approach by substitution of Ser and Thr residues with Cys at positions 78 and 105 located between two catalytic cysteines. Substitution of Ser with Cys at position 78 enhanced the chaperone activity of the mutant (S78C-PaAhpC) by approximately 9-fold compared with that of the wild-type protein (WT-PaAhpC). This increased activity may have been associated with the proportionate increase in the high-molecular-weight (HMW) fraction and enhanced hydrophobicity of S78C-PaAhpC. Homology modeling revealed that mutation of $Ser^{78}$ to $Cys^{78}$ resulted in a more compact decameric structure than that observed in WT-PaAhpC and decreased the atomic distance between the two neighboring sulfur atoms of $Cys^{78}$ in the dimer-dimer interface of S78C-PaAhpC, which could be responsible for the enhanced hydrophobic interaction at the dimer-dimer interface. Furthermore, complementation assays showed that S78C-PaAhpC exhibited greatly improved the heat tolerance, resulting in enhanced1 survival under thermal stress. Thus, addition of Cys at position 78 in PaAhpC modulated the functional shifting of this protein from a peroxidase to a chaperone.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2008

Aspergillus nidulans는 빛이 없는 조건에서는 유성분화가 주로 일어나고 빛이 있는 조건에서는 유성분화가 억제되고 대신 무성분화가 유도된다. 빛에 의해서 유성분화가 억제되는 것은 빛에 반응하여 유성 또는 무성분화를 조절하는 유전자가 있다는 것을 시사한다. 따라서 빛에 의해서 조절되는 유전자를 연구하기 위하여 광 조건하에서 유성분화를 하는 silA98 돌연변이를 분리하였으며, 이를 보완하는 유전자를 분리 및 분석하고자 A. nidulans의 AMA-NotI genomic library로부터 silA98 돌연변이를 상보하는 유전자 silA를 분리하였다. silA 유전자의 예상 ORF는 2,388 bp의 염기로 구성되어지고 795개의 아미노산을 암호화하고 있었다. 이 유전자는 Saccharomyces cerevisiae의 ARO80 유전자와 상동성을 보이며 SilA 단백질의 N 말단에는 약 51.9%의 상동성을 가지는 ${Zn_2}{Cys_6}$ motif를 지니고 있었다. silA 유전자 결손돌연변이주는 광 존재 하에서뿐만 아니라 고농도의 sorbitol에서도 유성분화가 유도되었다. 이는 silA 유전자가 빛과 고삼투 조건에서 유성분화를 억제하는 조절과정에 관여하고 있음을 의미한다. silA 유전자를 niiA promoter로 과다 발현시켰을 때의 형질은 야생형과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2006

Sialic acid is a sugar typically found at the N-glycan termini of glycoproteins in mammalian cells. Lec3 CHO cell mutants are deficient in epimerase activity, due to a defect in the gene that encodes a bifunctional UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE). Sialic acid modification on the cell surface is partially affected in these cells. We have mutagenized Lec3 CHO cells and isolated six mutants (termed C2m) deficient in the cell surface expression of polysialic acid (PSA). Mutant C2m9 was partially defective in expression of cell-surface PSA and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding, while in the other five mutants, both cell-surface PSA and WGA binding were undetectable. PSA expression was restored by complementation with the gene encoding the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST), indicating that CST mutations were responsible for the phenotypes of the C2m cells. We characterized the CST mutations in these cells by Northern blotting and RT-PCR. C2m9 and C2m45 carried missense mutations resulting in glycine to glutamate substitutions at amino acids 217 (G217E) and 256 (G256E), respectively. C2m13, C2m39 and C2m31 had nonsense mutations that resulted in decreased CST mRNA stability, and C2m34 carried a putative splice site mutation. PSA and CD15s expression in CST-deficient Lec2 cells were partially rescued by G217E CST, but not by G256E CST, although both proteins were expressed at similar levels, and localized to the Golgi. These results indicate that the novel missense mutations isolated in this study affect CST activity.