• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.39-46
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• 2016

This paper describes the third order feedforward delta-sigma modulator with inverter-based integrators and a 1.5bit comparator for the application of audio signal processing. The proposed 3rd-order delta-sigma modulator is multi-bit structure using 1.5 bit comparator instead of operational amplifier. This delta-sigma modulator has high SNR compared with single-bit 4th-order delta-sigma modulator in a low OSR. And it minimizes power consumes and simplified circuit structure using inverter-based integrator and using inverter-based integrator as analogue adder. The modulator was designed with 0.18um CMOS standard process and total chip area is $0.36mm^2$. The measured power cosumption is 28.8uW in a 0.8V analog supply and 66.6uW in a 1.8V digital supply. The measurement result shows that the peak SNDR of 80.7 dB, the ENOB of 13.1bit and the dynamic range of 86.1 dB with an input signal frequency of 2.5kHz, a sampling frequency of 2.56MHz and an oversampling rate of 64. The FOM (Walden) from the measurement result is 269 fJ/step, FOM (Schreier) was calculated as 169.3 dB.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.116-116
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• 2003

In 1998, Osada and co-workers isolated 140 mg of a novel cytokine modulator from 18 L of the culture broth of Streptomyces RK95- 31 isolated from a soil sample in Hiroshima Prefecture. This new immunosuppressant was named (-)-cytoxazone and its absolute configuration was determined on the basis of its NMR, CD and X -ray analysis. It interferes with cytokine IL4, IL10 and IgG production by selective inhibition of the signaling pathway of Th2 cells, but not Thl cells. Inhibitors of Th2-dependent cytokine production have potential as potent chemotherapeutic agents in the field of immunotherapy. The (-)-cytoxazone is different from known immunomodulators such as FK 506 and rapamycin in respect of structure and biological activity. As such cytoxazone should be a useful tool for understanding signaling pathways in Th2 cells, the synthesis of (-)-cytoxazone is of interest for the development of new cytokine modulators.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2004.06b
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• pp.411-414
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• 2004

This paper introduces a modulation method for digital wireless communication based on general DS-QPSK. The design and fabrication is for home networking application to a typical RF transmitter with DS-QPSK modulator. This modulator implemented using VHDL hardware programming language, the fabrication of IC chip $5{\times}5 mm^2$ was carried by 27th IDEC MPW(Multi Project Wafer) process in 0.35${\mu}m$ rule at Samsung Inc. This paper presented the important of this technology for the future application in wireless sensor. This module can be efficient usage for home network to transmit the RF wireless sensor system.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 2013

Objectives : To clarify the possible effect of Lycium chinese Mill (LC)., Morus alba L (MA)., and Lycium chinese Mill. +Morus alba L. (LC+MA), we have examined their influence on the development of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation in the asthmatic murine model. Methods : Female Balb/c mice (5weeks) were immunized on two different days (21 days and 7 days before inhalational exposure) by intraperitonial injections of 0.2ml alum-precipitated Ag containing $100{\mu}g$ of OVA bound to 4 mg of aluminum hydroxide in PBS. Seven days after the second sensitization, mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin for 30 minutes/day on 3 days/week for 8 weeks (at a flow rate of 250 L/min, 2.5% ovalbumin in normal saline) and, LC, MA, and LC+MA (500 mg/kg) were orally administered 3 times per a week for 8 weeks. Results : The suppressive effect of LC, MA, and LC+MA were demonstrated by the accumulation of eosinophills into airways, with the reduction of eosinophil, total lung leukocytes numbers. These were correlated with the marked reduction of IL-5, IL-13 and IL-4 levels in the BALF and serum. OVA-specific IgE levels were also decreased in serum and BAL from these mice. LC, MA, and LC+MA decreased eosinophil CCR3 expression and CD11b expression in lung cells. Conclusions : These results indicate that LC, MA, and LC+MA have high inhibitory effects on airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in the asthmatic murine model. The suppression of IL-5, IgE, eosinophil CCR3 expression and CD11b expression, and the increase of IFN-${\gamma}$ production in BALF seem to contribute to this effect. Hence, the results indicated that LC, MA, and LC+MA could act as a immuno-modulator which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic property by modulating the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.44-53
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• 2008

In this paper, we present the design of delta-sigma modulation-based class-D amplifier for driving headphones in portable audio applications. The presented class-D amplifier generates PWM(pulse width modulation) signals using a single-bit fourth-order high-performance delta-sigma modulator. To achieve a high SNR(signal-to-noise ratio) and ensure system stability, the locations of the modulator loop filter poles and zeros are optimized and thoroughly simulated. The test chip is fabricated using a standard $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process. The active area of the chip is $1.6mm^2$. It operates for the signal bandwidth from 20Hz to 20kHz. The measured THD+N(total harmonic distortion plus noise) at the $32{\Omega}$ load terminal is less than 0.03% from a 3V power supply.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.587-599
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• 2017

The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the $CD4^+$ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, $INF-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, and $PGE_2$, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.488-498
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• 2014

This paper presents an implementation of selective harmonic elimination (SHE) modulation for a single-phase 13-level transistor-clamped H-bridge (TCHB) based cascaded multilevel inverter. To determine the optimum switching angle of the SHE equations, the Newton-Raphson method is used in solving the transcendental equation describing the fundamental and harmonic components. The proposed SHE scheme used the relationship between the angles and a sinusoidal reference waveform based on voltage-angle equal criteria. The proposed SHE scheme is evaluated through simulation and experimental results. The digital modulator based-SHE scheme using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is described and has been implemented on an Altera DE2 board. The proposed SHE is efficient in eliminating the $3^{rd}$, $5^{th}$, $7^{th}$, $9^{th}$ and $11^{th}$ order harmonics, which validates the analytical results. From the results, it can be seen that the adopted 13-level inverter produces a higher quality with a better harmonic profile and sinusoidal shape of the stepped output waveform.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1993.05a
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• pp.113-116
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• 1993

A guided - wave electro - optical modulatored directional coupler $2{\times}2$ was fabricated on X-cut $LiNbO_3$ by proton exchange wi th self-aligned method. The Electode pattern was formed by the four extra gap electrode separtion within self-aligned electrode mask. Initial cross over state turned that by controlling the anneal ing process and self-aligned electrodes are used in fabricating the electro-optical modulatored directional coupler $2{\times}2$. The modulatored directional coupler $2{\times}2$ has very good figures of merits: the measured crosstalk was -28.2 dB and the modulating valtage of 3.2[V].

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.51-57
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• 2015

In this paper, in order to design the A / D converter with a high resolution of 14 bits or more for the biological signal processing, CMOS delta sigma modulator that is a 1.8V power supply voltage - were designed. we propose a new structure of The fourth order delta-sigma modulator that needs four op amps but we use only two op amps. By using a time -interleaving technique, we can re-construct the circuit and reuse the op amps. Also, we proposed a KT/C noise reduction circuit to reduce the thermal noise from a noisy resistor. We adjust the size of sampling capacitor between sampling time and integrating time, so we can reduce almost a half of KT/C noise. The measurement results of the chip is fabricated using a Magna 0.18um CMOS n-well1 poly 6 metal process. Power consumption is $828{\mu}W$ from a 1.8V supply voltage. The peak SNDR is measured as a 75.7dB and 81.3dB of DR at 1kHz input frequency and 256kHz sampling frequency. Measurement results show that KT/C noise reduction circuit enhance the 3dB of SNDR. FOM of the circuit is calculated to be 142dB and 41pJ / step.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2009

Objectives : To clarify the possible effect of JS (Juglans sinensis), PCF (Psoralea corylifolia L.), and J+P(JS+PCF), we examined their influence on the development of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation in the asthmatic murine model. Methods : All mice were immunized on two different days (21 days and 7 days before inhalational exposure) by intraperitonial injections of 0.2 ml alum-precipitated Ag containing 100 ${\mu}$g of OVA bound to 4 mg of aluminum hydroxide in PBS. Seven days after the second sensitization, mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin for 30 minutes/day on 3 days/week for 8 weeks (at a flow rate of 250 L/min, 2.5% ovalbumin in normal saline) and, JS, PCF and J+P (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) were orally administered 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Results : The suppressive effects of JS, PCF, and J+P were demonstrated by the accumulation of eosinophils into airways, with the reduction of eosinophils and lung leukocytes. These were correlated with the marked reduction of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 levels in the BALF and serum. OVA-specific IgE levels were also decreased in serum and BAL from these mice. And also JS, PCF, and J+P decreased eosinophilic CCR3 and CD11b expression in lung tissue. Conclusions : These results indicate that JS, PCF, and J+P have deep inhibitory effects on airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in the asthmatic murine model. The suppression of IL-5, IgE, and eosinophilils and the increase of IFN-${\gamma}$ production in BALF seem to contribute to these effects. Specially, esosinophils and TNF-a in J+P combination group were significantly reduced in BALF and lung tissue. Hence, the results indicated that JS, PCF, and J+P could act as an immuno-modulator which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic property by modulating the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines.