• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.268-280
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• 2011

Background: Dengue virus, which belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) with infection risk of 2.5 billion people worldwide. However, approved vaccines are still not available. Here, we explored the immune responses induced by alternating prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccine, adenovirus, and vaccinia virus expressing E protein of dengue virus type 2 (DenV2). Methods: Following immunization with DNA vaccine (pDE), adenovirus (rAd-E), and/or vaccinia virus (VV-E) expressing E protein, E protein-specific IgG and its isotypes were determined by conventional ELISA. Intracellular CD154 and cytokine staining was used for enumerating CD4+ T cells specific for E protein. E protein-specific CD8+ T cell responses were evaluated by in vivo CTL killing activity and intracellular IFN-${\gamma}$ staining. Results: Among three constructs, VV-E induced the most potent IgG responses, Th1-type cytokine production by stimulated CD4+ T cells, and the CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, when the three constructs were used for alternating prime-boost vaccination, the results revealed a different pattern of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. i) Priming with VV-E induced higher E-specific IgG level but it was decreased rapidly. ii) Strong CD8+ T cell responses specific for E protein were induced when VV-E was used for the priming step, and such CD8+ T cell responses were significantly boosted with pDE. iii) Priming with rAd-E induced stronger CD4+ T cell responses which subsequently boosted with pDE to a greater extent than VV-E and rAd-E. Conclusion: These results indicate that priming with live viral vector vaccines could induce different patterns of E protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses which were significantly enhanced by booster vaccination with the DNA vaccine. Therefore, our observation will provide valuable information for the establishment of optimal prime-boost vaccination against DenV.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.861-870
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• 2006

본 연구는 발효사료에 대한 보호처리한 vitamin C+E 및 면실의 첨가가 반추위 발효특성과 거세한우의 증체, 혈중 대사물질 및 호르몬 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 시험구 처리는 발효사료를 급여하는 T1구와 보호처리한 vitamin C+E 및 면실 첨가 발효사료를 급여하는 T2구의 2처리로 하였다. 사료급여 후 3시간의 반추위 pH는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 낮았으나(p<0.05), 6 및 9시간에는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 사료급여 후 12시간 동안 반추위 ammonia 농도는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 사료급여 후 3시간의 acetate, propionate, butyrate 및 total-VFA 농도는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 높았으나(p<0.05), 9 및 12시간에는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 낮았다(p<0.05). 일당증체량과 혈중 대사물질 및 호르몬의 농도는 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 발효사료에 대한 보호처리한 vitamin C+E 및 면실의 첨가는 반추위 pH, ammonia 및 휘발성지방산 농도에는 영향을 미치지만, 거세한우의 증체와 혈중 대사물질 및 호르몬 농도에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단된다

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2006

We study some dynamical properties in the context of bitransformation groups, and show that if (H,X,T) is a bitransformation group such that (H,X) is almost periodic and (X/H,T) is pointwise almost periodic $T_2$ and $x{\in}X$, then $E_x=\{q{\in}E(H,X){\mid}qx{\in}{\overline{xT}\}$ is a compact $T_2$ topological group and $E_{qx}=E_x(q{\in}E(H,X))$ when H is abelian, where E(H,X) is the enveloping semigroup of the transformation group (H,X).

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.27-30
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• 2000

The Photoluminescence (PL) measurement results of a very good quality GaN sample grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are reported. The temperature dependences of peak position, emission intensity, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of free-exciton (FX) A and B are presented. Our results show the fast thermal quenching of FX transition intensities and predominantly acoustic phonon scattering of emission line broadening. The transition-energy-shift following the Varshni's empirical equation, and by using it to fit the data, E$\_$A1/(T) = 3.4861 eV -6.046 $\times$ 10$\^$-4/T$^2$ (620.3+ T) eV, E$\_$B1/(T) = 3.4928 eV -4.777 $\times$ 10$\^$-4/T$^2$ / (408.2+ T) eV and E$\_$A2/ = 3.4991 eV -4.426 $\times$ 10$\^$-4/ T$^2$ / (430.6+ T) eV for A(n=1), B(n=1), and A(n=2) are obtained respectively.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.1393-1404
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• 2008

Let K be a nonempty closed convex subset of a Banach space E. Suppose $\{T_{n}\}$ (n = 1,2,...) is a uniformly asymptotically regular sequence of nonexpansive mappings from K to K such that ${\cap}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ F$\(T_n){\neq}{\phi}$. For $x_0{\in}K$, define $x_{n+1}={\lambda}_{n+1}x_{n}+(1-{\lambda}_{n+1})T_{n+1}x_{n},n{\geq}0$. If ${\lambda}_n{\subset}[0,1]$ satisfies $lim_{n{\rightarrow}{\infty}}{\lambda}_n=0$, we proved that $\{x_n\}$ weakly converges to some $z{\in}F\;as\;n{\rightarrow}{\infty}$ in the framework of reflexive Banach space E which satisfies the Opial's condition or has $Fr{\acute{e}}chet$ differentiable norm or its dual $E^*$ has the Kadec-Klee property. We also obtain that $\{x_n\}$ strongly converges to some $z{\in}F$ in Banach space E if K is a compact subset of E or there exists one map $T{\in}\{T_{n};n=1,2,...\}$ satisfy some compact conditions such as T is semi compact or satisfy Condition A or $lim_{n{\rightarrow}{\infty}}d(x_{n},F(T))=0$ and so on.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2012

For a spanning tree T of a connected graph ${\Gamma}$ and for a labelling ${\phi}$: E(T) ${\rightarrow}$ {+,-},${\phi}$ is called an alternating sign on a spanning tree T of a graph ${\Gamma}$ if for any cotree edge $e{\in}E({\Gamma})-E(T)$, the unique path in T joining both end vertices of e has alternating signs. In the present article, we prove that any graph has a spanning tree T and an alternating sign on T.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2007

본 연구는 2001년 7월부터 2004년 5월까지 29개월동안 매월 경상남도 통영 바다목장해역에서 채집된 총 1,173마리의 조피볼락의 이석을 사용하여 연령과 성장을 연구하였다. 윤문은 불투명대에서 투명대로 이행되는 7월에 형성되었다. 주성숙기는 1월이며 산출시기는 2~5월 사이로 조피볼락의 초륜이 형성되는 시간은 주성숙기인 1월부터 이듬해 7월까지 약 1.5년으로 사료된다. 추정된 조피볼락의 von Bertalaffy length식과 weight growth equation식은 암컷은 $L_t=48.45(1-e^{-0.2139(t+0.4313)})$, $W_t=1,837.93(1-e^{-0.2139(t+0.4313)})^{3.02}$이었으며 수컷은 $L_t=49.32(1-e^{-0.1775(t+0.7403)})$, $W_t=1,887.83(1-e^{-0.1775(t+0.7403)})^3$였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2006

본 연구는 맥주박과 옥수수 위주의 발효사료에 대한 coated vitamin C+E 및 면실의 첨가 급여가 거세한우의 육조성분, 육색 및 도체등급에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 평균체중 550.4±42.8kg의 거세한우 24두를 공시하여 실시하였다. 시험구 배치는 발효사료급여구(T1)와 coated vitamin C+E 및 면실 첨가 발효사료구(T2)의 2처리로 하였다. 배최장근의 조지방 함량은 T2구에서 T1구에 비해 높았다(p< 0.05). 배최장근의 표면 육색 중 황색도와 색상색은 T2구에서 T1구에 비해 낮았고(p<0.05) 명도는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 육량 A 등급의 출현은 T2구에서 T1구에 비해 높았다. 근내지방도는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 높았다. 이상의 결과에서 맥주박과 옥수수 위주의 발효사료에 대한 CVCE 및 면실의 첨가는 거세한우 배최장근의 조지방 함량, 육색 및 근내지방도에 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2013

In this thesis, we consider isoparametric curves of quadratic F-B$\acute{e}$zier curves. F-B$\acute{e}$zier curves unify C-B$\acute{e}$zier curves whose basis is {sint, cos t, t, 1} and H-B$\acute{e}$zier curves whose basis is {sinht, cosh t, t,1}. Thus F-B$\acute{e}$zier curves are more useful in Geometric Modeling or CAGD(Computer Aided Geometric Design). We derive the relation between the quadratic F-B$\acute{e}$zier curves and the quadratic rational B$\acute{e}$zier curves. We also obtain the geometric properties of isoparametric curve of the quadratic F-B$\acute{e}$zier curves at both end points and prove the continuity of the isoparametric curve.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2004

It is known that Bacillus subtilis glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) mischarges E. coli $tRNA_{1}$$^{Gln}$ with glutamate in vitro. It has also been established that the expression of B. subtilis GluRS in Escherichia coli results in the death of the host cell. To ascertain whether E. coli growth inhibition caused by B. subtilis GluRS synthesis is a consequence of Glu-$tRNA_{1}$$^{Gln}$ formation, we constructed an in vivo test system, in which B. subtilis GluRS gene expression is controlled by IPTG. Such a system permits the investigation of factors affecting E. coli growth. Expression of E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) also amelio-rated growth inhibition, presumably by competitively preventing $tRNA_{1}$$^{Gln}$ misacylation. However, when amounts of up to 10 mM L-glutamine, the cognate amino acid for acylation of $tRNA_{1}$$^{Gln}$, were added to the growth medium, cell growth was unaffected. Overexpression of the B. subtilis gatCAB gene encoding Glu-$tRNA^{Gln}$ amidotransferase (Glu-AdT) rescued cells from toxic effects caused by the formation of the mis-charging GluRS. This result indicates that B. subtilis Glu-AdT recognizes the mischarged E. coli Glu-$tRNA_{1}$$^{Gln}$, and converts it to the cognate Gln-$tRNA_{1}$$^{Gln}$ species. B. subtilis GluRS-dependent Glu-$tRNA_{1}$$^{Gln}$ formation may cause growth inhibition in the transformed E. coli strain, possibly due to abnormal protein synthesis.