• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

In this paper, a small area 12-bit 300MSPS CMOS Digital-to-Analog Converter(DAC) is proposed for display systems. The architecture of the DAC is based on a current steering 6+6 segmented type, which reduces non-linearity error and other secondary effects. In order to improve the linearity and glitch noise, an analog current cell using monitoring bias circuit is designed. For the purpose of reducing chip area and power dissipation, furthermore, a noble self-clocked switching logic is proposed. To verify the performance, it is fabricated with $0.13{\mu}m$ thick-gate 1-poly 6-metal N-well Samsung CMOS technology. The effective chip area is $0.26mm^2$ ($510{\mu}m{\times}510{\mu}m$) with 100mW power consumption. The measured INL (Integrated Non Linearity) and DNL (Differential Non Linearity) are within ${\pm}3LSB$ and ${\pm}1LSB$, respectively. The measured SFDR is about 70dB, when the input frequency is 15MHz at 300MHz clock frequency.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.2 no.2 s.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 1998

This paper describes a l0b CMOS A/D converter (ADC) for HDTV applications. The proposed ADC adopts a typical multi-step pipelined architecture. The proposed circuit design techniques are as fo1lows: A selective channel-length adjustment technique for a bias circuit minimizes the mismatch of the bias current due to the short channel effect by supply voltage variations. A power reduction technique for a high-speed two-stage operational amplifier decreases the power consumption of amplifiers with wide bandwidths by turning on and off bias currents in the suggested sequence. A typical capacitor scaling technique optimizes the chip area and power dissipation of the ADC. The proposed ADC is designed and fabricated in s 0.8 um double-poly double-metal n-well CMOS technology. The measured differential and integral nonlinearities of the prototype ADC show less than ${\pm}0.6LSB\;and\;{\pm}2.0LSB$, respectively. The typical ADC power consumption is 119 mW at 3 V with a 40 MHz sampling rate, and 320 mW at 5 V with a 50 MHz sampling rate.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1575-1582
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• 2016

In this study, to provide basic information for design of a large-scale recycling system for fishery by-products, the food nutrient components, fertilizer components, and microbial composition of fertilizers and feed which were made of fishery by-products were analyzed before and after fermentation. The results of the analysis of the edible portion of fishery by-products indicated that calories per 100 g of crustaceans were the highest followed by those of fish and brown algae in order of precedence with values as follows; Korean Krill 94 Kcal, Portunus trituberculatus 65 Kcal, Lophiomus setigerus 58 Kcal, and Undaria pinnatifida 16 Kcal. As for changes in amino acids per 100 g of fishery by-products between before and after fermentation, calories per 100 g of P. trituberculatus decreased by 74.7% from 15.7 g to 4.0 g, that of L. setigerus decreased by 61.1% from 11.9 g to 4.6 g, that of Korean Krill decreased by 53.5% from 11.6 g to 5.4 g, and that of U. pinnatifida decreased by 49.4% from 1.7 g to 0.9 g. Among amino acids, those contained in fishery by-product fertilizers (liquid fertilizer) in large amounts were shown to be Glutaminic acid, Aspartic acid, Glycine, Lysin, and Leucine. The lipid content of Korean Krill decreased by 11.9% from 3.2 g to 2.8 g, that of L. setigerus increased by 2.0 times from 1.1 g to 2.2 g, that of P. trituberculatus increased by 4.5 times from 0.4 g to 1.7 g, and that of U. pinnatifida increased by 9.4 times from 0.2 g to 1.9 g. The ash (mineral) content of P. trituberculatus decreased by 82.5% from 26.2 g to 4.6 g, that of U. pinnatifida increased by 27.6% from 3.3 g to 4.2 g, that of Korean Krill increased by 21.9% from 3.1 g to 3.8 g, and that of L. setigerus increased by 88.7% from 1.2 g to 2.2 g. The microbial composition of liquid fertilizer using recycled fishery by-products was shown to be Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Fungi, Yeast, and Lactobacillus sp.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.1 no.2 s.2
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• pp.68-84
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• 1992

The development of Buddhist architectures of the Unified Silla period have been generally understood to have paired pagoda instead of one which had been popular until before the unification. Besides the stylistic categorization of paired pagoda system, there had been no further investigation reported concerning whether there was any detailed process of change within the development of paired pagoda style. This paper aims to identify such change inside the development of paired pagoda style, which, externally, seems to be the same pattern of site design maintained throughout the period of Unified Silla that lasted for about three centuries. Since the temple sites of study are in the same pattern of layout, the method of investigation has to be such that can identify the subtle changes that, in external appearance, are not easily discernible. Hence, this research compared the dimensions of important measurement of five temple sites to be able to clarify the process of minor changes. Among many sites of Silla temples, only five were suitable for the research since detailed measurement were possible through field research or the report of excavation. They are the sites of Sachonwang-sa, Mangduk-sa, site of Kunsuri, and Bulguk-sa. Although the five sites have the same style of paired pagoda, it is clear that there were consistant flow of change. Even though the motivation of such change were not strong enough to change the site pattern itself, it resulted continuous minor changes such as the size and location of architectures. The size of image hall, for example, was growing larger and larger as time goes on, while, the size of Pagoda was getting smaller. In the same way, the size of middle gate became smaller while the size of lecture hall became larger, although the rate of change in these cases were not as severe as that of image hall and pagoda. At the same time, pagoda was coming closer to the middle gate leaving larger space in front of the image hall. Such aspect is even more meaningful considering the fact that the pagoda, from the 8th century in Japan and China, moved outside of the major precinct. The image hall, too, moved toward the middle gate slightly so that the space in front of the lecture hall became more spacious. Such changes, of course, were not accidental but they are the same continuous motivation of change that caused the changes before the period of unification. Enlargement of image hall and reduction of pagoda, for example, represent the changing relative importance of religious meaning. Hence, it is evident that one can not easily imterprete the development of one style only by categorizing it to be one same style. In the veiwpoint of the underlying motivation of change, the fact that one style persisted for a certain period of time, does not mean there had been no change, but means that it was the time of motivational accumulation, causing minor changes within the same style, to be able to create major change coming after.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.9 s.339
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• pp.51-60
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• 2005

The design of efficient cryptosystems is mainly appointed by the efficiency of the underlying finite field arithmetic. Especially, among the basic arithmetic over finite field, the rnultiplicative inversion is the most time consuming operation. In this paper, a fast inversion algerian in finite field $GF(2^m)$ with the standard basis representation is proposed. It is based on the Extended binary gcd algorithm (EBGA). The proposed algorithm executes about $18.8\%\;or\;45.9\%$ less iterations than EBGA or Montgomery inverse algorithm (MIA), respectively. In practical applications where the dimension of the field is large or may vary, systolic array sDucture becomes area-complexity and time-complexity costly or even impractical in previous algorithms. It is not suitable for low-weight and low-power systems, i.e., smartcard, the mobile phone. In this paper, we propose a new hardware architecture to apply an area-efficient and a synchronized inverter on low-complexity systems. It requires the number of addition and reduction operation less than previous architectures for computing the inverses in $GF(2^m)$ furthermore, the proposed inversion is applied over either prime or binary extension fields, more specially $GF(2^m)$ and GF(P) .

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2018

Social, economic and environmental problems caused by rapid urbanization have been recently overcome by various civic participation projects. Local governance and resident - led partnership through field - based cooperative operating systems from urban regeneration to village projects are considered success factors. Among these, the village greening project which directly affects the residents and requires spontaneity requires the role and cooperation of the various participating actors due to the sharing of public space and private space. Social capital plays a key role in the sustainability and participation of the above - mentioned business as a relational capital centered on trust and participation, network and norms. Therefore, empirical research is needed. In this study, basic research was carried out to build a formation model of social capital in participation - type greening project expanding urban green space system to living area. We analyzed the elements of participation, the components of business progress, and the factors of social capital formation through literature review and in - depth interviews with participating experts. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data of social capital formation model for analyzing sustainability and activation strategies in the future.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.74-81
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• 2019

Cities will soon host two third of the population worldwide, and already today 80% of the world energy is used in the 20 largest cities. Urban areas create 80% of the greenhouse gas emission, so we should take care that urban areas are smart and sustainable as implementations have especially here the greatest impact. Smart Cities (SC) or Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) are the actual concepts that describe methodologies how cities can handle the high density of citizens, efficiency of energy use, better quality of life indicators, high attractiveness for foreign investments, high attractiveness for people from abroad and many other critical improvements in a shifting environment. But if we talk about Entrepreneurship Ecosystem and Innovation, we do not see a lot of literature covering this topic within those SC/SSC concepts. It seems that 'Smart' implies that all is embedded, or isn't it properly covered as brick stone of SC/SSC concepts, as they are handled in another 'responsibility silo', meaning that the policy implementation of a Science and Technology Park (STP) is handled in another governing body than SC/SSC developments. If this is true, we will obviously miss a lot of synergy effects and economies of scale effects. Effects that we could have in case we stop the siloed approaches of STPs by following a more holistic concept of a Smart Sustainable City, covering also a continuous flow of innovation into the city, without necessarily always depend on large corporate SSC solutions. We try to argue that every SSC should integrate SP/STP concepts or better their features and services into their methodology. The very limited interconnectivity between these concepts within the governance models limits opportunities and performance in both systems. Redesigning the architecture of the governance models and accepting that we have to design a system-of-systems would support the possible technology flow for smart city technologies, it could support testbed functionalities and the public-private partnership approach with embedded business models. The challenge is of course in complex governance and integration, as we often face siloed approaches. But real SSC are smart as they are connecting all those unconnected siloes of stakeholders and technologies that are not yet interoperable. We should not necessarily follow anymore old greenfield approaches neither in SSCs nor in SP and STP concepts from the '80s that don't fit anymore, being replaced by holistic sustainability concepts that we have to implement in any new or revised SSC concepts. There are new demands for each SP/STP being in or close to an SC/SCC as they have a continuous demand for feeding the technology base and the application layer and should also act as testbeds. In our understanding, a big part of STP inputs and outputs are still needed, but in a revised and extended format. We know that most of the SC/STP studies claim the impact is still far from understood and often debated, therefore we must transform the concepts where SC/STPs are not own 'cities', but where they act as technology source and testbed for industry and new SSC business models, being part of the SC/STP concept and governance from the beginning.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.69-77
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• 2011

In an accredited engineering program, there are two important means for achieving program outcomes. Students participating in a program are expected to achieve program outcomes through the program curriculum, because during the course of the program, they spend most of their time following the curriculum. However, it is very difficult to achieve the program outcomes only through the curriculum. Therefore, it is necessary to provide and manage non-curriculum courses in a program to make students achieve those program outcomes that the curriculum itself cannot provide exclusively. In this study, we conducted a case study on non-curriculum management systems as a means for supplementing a curriculum in order to enhance achievement of program outcomes, specifically, so-called, soft skills. We studied about 40 accredited engineering programs in Korea and proposed 30 non-curriculum courses with their evaluation units as well as the weighing criterior given to each non-curriculum course.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2010

In order to examine the traits of sluice gate water control, halophyte community formation and their inter-relations in Saemangeum, both water level condition and halophyte community formation were analyzed periodically and spatially on the topographic map with Surfer, Saemageum Spatial Analysis System, and related field reports. The traits of water level condition are that average water level in the growing period of halophytes was similar to annual average water level, annual low level and high level appeared in the growing period, and water level was usually maintained within a range of -1.0m~0.5m above mean sea level, but it has changed more frequently year by year. Routine water level control, natural disaster prevention, construction, and civil appeal took major percentages of the reasons for sluice gate's opening and shutting. Since 2007, not only the overall control frequency of sluice gate but also its control frequency for construction and natural disaster prevention have increased outstandingly. Halophyte community had formed at a rate of 1,209ha/year in the 4,315 ha land in 2008, 6.3 times larger than in 2005, and 2,382 ha above around 1.0m was estimated to be artificially vegetated, 89.1 % of the 2,673ha-size sown area. High water level was found to be a more possible determinant than average water level or low water level in halophyte community formation and it was thought to be secondary factors whether tillage was conducted or/and whether surface sealing formed.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2013

This study which are recognized that the lack of empirical research about the efficiency of the elements of environmentally friendly housing development planned presented housing design elements and policies to revitalize for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by analyzing the effectiveness of reduction of greenhouse gas output. In addition, it used various models of DEA which are accepted until now effective technique to evaluate the performance of the organization. In conclusion, there are effective 5 regionals which are Seoul, Incheon, Ulsan, South Chungcheong Province, South Gyeongsang Province. other regionals was analyzed to be inefficient. The conclusion from this study are as follows: First, in case of 11 regionals which are analyzed to be inefficient, they have to difference plan elements to make up. So each region should establish strategy to complement vulnerability. Second, not only internal architectural factors but institutional, and external environmental factors also affect the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. And weighted scores also were moderately high. But levels of weighted scores still less than the ratio of Good quality housing. So it can be determined that evaluation of individual architecture still considered important. It need to pay more attention to the operating system and the external environmental factors.