• Title/Summary/Keyword: Subsets

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Changes in Lymphocyte Subsets following Open-Heart Surgery ; A Study for Changes in Lymphocyte Subsets (개심술 환자에서의 면역기능의 변화;T lymphocyte subset의 변화에 대한 고찰)

  • 황재준
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.25 no.11
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    • pp.1185-1191
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    • 1992
  • Cell mediated immunity is depressed following surgical procedure and the degree of immunosuppression is directly related to the magintude of the procedure, blood transfusion, and length of operation. So we would expect cardiac operations to be highly immunosuppressive, although little is konwn about their immunosuppressive effect. The nearly complete consumption of complement factors and decreased levels of IgM and IgG resulting in an impaired opsonizing capacity. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts including T-and B-lymphocytes and T-cell subsets are reduced. Depression of cell-mediated immunity following open-heart surgery is potentially detrimental because it could increase the susceptability of patients to viral and bacterial infection. We reviewed 20 patients after cardiac operation to search for changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometer and the preoperative values of lymphocyte subsets were compared with those from the first, fourth, and seventh days after operation. After cardiac operation, total mumbers of T lymphocyte was severely depressed on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day after operation. CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes were decreased on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day also. There was four cases of wound infection and these patients had increased CD4 lympocyte and more decreased CD19 lymphocyte compared with the non-infected group. It is concluded from these data that cell-mediated immunity is significantly depressed for at least one week following open-heart surgery and this result was closely related to the postoperative infection.

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The Influence of Iteration and Subset on True X Method in F-18-FPCIT Brain Imaging (F-18-FPCIP 뇌 영상에서 True-X 재구성 기법을 기반으로 했을 때의 Iteration과 Subset의 영향)

  • Choi, Jae-Min;Kim, Kyung-Sik;NamGung, Chang-Kyeong;Nam, Ki-Pyo;Im, Ki-Cheon
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.122-126
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: F-18-FPCIT that shows strong familiarity with DAT located at a neural terminal site offers diagnostic information about DAT density state in the region of the striatum especially Parkinson's disease. In this study, we altered the iteration and subset and measured SUV${\pm}$SD and Contrasts from phantom images which set up to specific iteration and subset. So, we are going to suggest the appropriate range of the iteration and subset. Materials and Methods: This study has been performed with 10 normal volunteers who don't have any history of Parkinson's disease or cerebral disease and Flangeless Esser PET Phantom from Data Spectrum Corporation. $5.3{\pm}0.2$ mCi of F-18-FPCIT was injected to the normal group and PET Phantom was assembled by ACR PET Phantom Instructions and it's actual ratio between hot spheres and background was 2.35 to 1. Brain and Phantom images were acquired after 3 hours from the time of the injection and images were acquired for ten minutes. Basically, SIEMENS Bio graph 40 True-point was used and True-X method was applied for image reconstruction method. The iteration and Subset were set to 2 iterations, 8 subsets, 3 iterations, 16 subsets, 6 iterations, 16 subsets, 8 iterations, 16 subsets and 8 iterations, 21 subsets respectively. To measure SUVs on the brain images, ROIs were drawn on the right Putamen. Also, Coefficient of variance (CV) was calculated to indicate the uniformity at each iteration and subset combinations. On the phantom study, we measured the actual ratio between hot spheres and back ground at each combinations. Same size's ROIs were drawn on the same slide and location. Results: Mean SUVs were 10.60, 12.83, 13.87, 13.98 and 13.5 at each combination. The range of fluctuation by sets were 22.36%, 10.34%, 1.1%, and 4.8% respectively. The range of fluctuation of mean SUV was lowest between 6 iterations 16 subsets and 8 iterations 16 subsets. CV showed 9.07%, 11.46%, 13.56%, 14.91% and 19.47% respectively. This means that the numerical value of the iteration and subset gets higher the image's uniformity gets worse. The range of fluctuation of CV by sets were 2.39, 2.1, 1.35, and 4.56. The range of fluctuation of uniformity was lowest between 6 iterations, 16 subsets and 8 iterations, 16 subsets. In the contrast test, it showed 1.92:1, 2.12:1, 2.10:1, 2.13:1 and 2.11:1 at each iteration and subset combinations. A Setting of 8 iterations and 16 subsets reappeared most close ratio between hot spheres and background. Conclusion: Findings on this study, SUVs and uniformity might be calculated differently caused by variable reconstruction parameters like filter or FWHM. Mean SUV and uniformity showed the lowest range of fluctuation at 6 iterations 16 subsets and 8 iterations 16 subsets. Also, 8 iterations 16 subsets showed the nearest hot sphere to background ratio compared with others. But it can not be concluded that only 6 iterations 16 subsets and 8 iterations 16 subsets can make right images for the clinical diagnosis. There might be more factors that can make better images. For more exact clinical diagnosis through the quantitative analysis of DAT density in the region of striatum we need to secure healthy people's quantitative values.

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DIMENSIONS OF THE SUBSETS IN THE SPECTRAL CLASSES OF A SELF-SIMILAR CANTOR SET

  • Baek, In-Soo
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • v.26 no.3_4
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    • pp.733-738
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    • 2008
  • Using an information of dimensions of divergence points, we give full information of dimensions of the completely decomposed class of the lower(upper) distribution sets of a self-similar Cantor set. Further using a relationship between the distribution sets and the subsets generated by the lower(upper) local dimensions of a self-similar measure, we give full information of dimensions of the subsets by the local dimensions.

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INTERIORS AND CLOSURES IN A SET WITH AN OPERATION

  • Nakaoka, Fumie;Oda, Nobuyuki
    • Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.555-568
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    • 2014
  • A set with an operation defined on a family of subsets is studied. The operation is used to generalize the topological space itself. The operation defines the operation-open subsets in the set. Relations are studied among two types of the interiors and the closures of subsets. Some properties of maximal operation-open sets are obtained. Semi-open sets and pre-open sets are defined in the sets with operations and some relations among them are proved.

Reflexive Index of a Family of Sets

  • Zhao, Dongsheng
    • Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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    • v.54 no.2
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    • pp.263-269
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    • 2014
  • As a further study on reflexive families of subsets, we introduce the reflexive index for a family of subsets of a given set and show that the index of a finite family of subsets of a finite or countably infinite set is always finite. The reflexive indices of some special families are also considered.

DIMENSIONS OF DISTRIBUTION SETS IN THE UNIT INTERVAL

  • Baek, In-Soo
    • Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.547-552
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    • 2007
  • The unit interval is not homeomorphic to a self-similar Cantor set in which we studied the dimensions of distribution subsets. However we show that similar results regarding dimensions of the distribution subsets also hold for the unit interval since the distribution subsets have similar structures with those in a self-similar Cantor set.

LINEARLY DEPENDENT AND CONCISE SUBSETS OF A SEGRE VARIETY DEPENDING ON k FACTORS

  • Ballico, Edoardo
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.58 no.1
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    • pp.253-267
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    • 2021
  • We study linearly dependent subsets with prescribed cardinality s of a multiprojective space. If the set S is a circuit, there is an upper bound on the number of factors of the minimal multiprojective space containing S. B. Lovitz gave a sharp upper bound for this number. If S has higher dependency, this may be not true without strong assumptions (and we give examples and suitable assumptions). We describe the dependent subsets S with #S = 6.

Rule of Combination Using Expanded Approximation Algorithm (확장된 근사 알고리즘을 이용한 조합 방법)

  • Moon, Won Sik
    • Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.21-30
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    • 2013
  • Powell-Miller theory is a good method to express or treat incorrect information. But it has limitation that requires too much time to apply to actual situation because computational complexity increases in exponential and functional way. Accordingly, there have been several attempts to reduce computational complexity but side effect followed - certainty factor fell. This study suggested expanded Approximation Algorithm. Expanded Approximation Algorithm is a method to consider both smallest supersets and largest subsets to expand basic space into a space including inverse set and to reduce Approximation error. By using expanded Approximation Algorithm suggested in the study, basic probability assignment function value of subsets was alloted and added to basic probability assignment function value of sets related to the subsets. This made subsets newly created become Approximation more efficiently. As a result, it could be known that certain function value which is based on basic probability assignment function is closely near actual optimal result. And certainty in correctness can be obtained while computational complexity could be reduced. by using Algorithm suggested in the study, exact information necessary for a system can be obtained.