• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.558-566
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• 2007

The performance characteristics of water-chilling heat pump using $CO_2$ with respect to variation of refrigerant charge amount was investigated experimentally. An experimental apparatus is consisted of a compressor, a gas cooler, an expansion valve, an evaporator and a liquid receiver. All heat exchangers used in the test rig are counter-flow-type heat exchangers with concentric dual tubes, which are made of copper. The gas cooler and the evaporator consist of 6 and 4 straight sections respectively arranged in parallel, each has 2400 mm length. The experimental results summarize as the followings : As the refrigerant charge ratio of $CO_2$ heat pump system increases, the discharge pressure and compressor ratio increases, but mass flow rate of refrigerant decreases. Also the compressor work increases with the increase of refrigerant charge ratio. However, the heating and cooling capacity of $CO_2$ heat pump decreases as the refrigerant charge ratio increases. The maximum heating COP of $CO_2$ heat pump system presented at 0.25 refrigerant charge ratio. It is possible to confirm the optimum charge ratio of $CO_2$ heat pump system by the viewpoint of heating COP.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2014

A charge-pump circuit using a current-bypass technique, which suppresses charge sharing and reduces the sub-threshold currents, helps to decrease phase-locked loop (PLL) jitter without resorting to a feedback amplifier. The PLL shows no stability issues and no power-up problems, which may occur when a feedback amplifier is used. The PLL is implemented in 0.11-${\mu}m$ CMOS technology to achieve 0.856-ps RMS and 8.75-ps peak-to-peak jitter, which is almost independent of ambient temperature while consuming 4 mW from a 1.2-V supply.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2013

In this paper, we designed a charge pump circuit using level shifter for LED driver IC. The designed circuit makes the 15 V output voltage from the 5 V input in condition of 50 kHz switching frequency. The prototype chip which include the proposed charge pump circuit and its several internal sub-blocks such as oscillator, level shifter was fabricated using a 0.35 um 20 V BCD process technology. The size of the fabricated prototype chip is 2,350 um ${\times}$ 2,350 um. We examined performances of the fabricated chip and compared its measured results with SPICE simulation data.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2017

본 논문은 RC 시정수 회로를 이용하여 지터 특성을 개선한 위상고정루프의 구조를 제안하였다. RC 시정수 회로에서는 루프 필터 전압이 작은 시정수와 큰 시정수 값을 가지는 회로를 통과하여 비교기로 전달된다. 작은 시정수 값을 가지는 회로를 지나는 신호는 거의 루프 필터 출력 전압과 같은 값을 가진다. 큰 시정수 값을 가지는 회로를 지나는 신호는 루프 필터 출력전압의 평균값을 가지며, 비교기회로에서 기준 신호 역할을 한다. 비교기의 출력 신호는 루프 필터에 전류를 공급하는 보조 전하펌프를 제어한다. 루프 필터 출력 전압이 상승하면 보조 전하펌프는 루프 필터에서 전류를 방전시켜 루프 필터 출력 전압이 하강하게 하고, 또는 루프 필터 출력 전압이 하강하면 보조 전하펌프는 루프 필터에서 전류를 충전시켜 루프 필터 출력 전압이 상승하게 한다. 이런 부궤환 루프는 필터 출력 전압 변동 폭을 줄여서 지터 크기를 감소시켜준다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2011

In this study, the steady state performance of a $CO_2$ heat pump water heater was measured with a variation of operating conditions such as refrigerant charge amount, compressor frequency, EEV opening, and water mass flow rate. Transient state performance tests were also conducted to investigate major system effects associated with the interaction between the $CO_2$ heat pump water heater and the water tank. Optimum refrigerant charge amount for the system was 1600 g. At compressor frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz, water mass flow rates of 95 kg/h and 105 kg/h, and EEV opening of 8% and 16%, the water heating temperatures were $65^{\circ}C$ and $68^{\circ}C$ and COPs were 3.0 and 2.8, respectively. In the transient condition, the instantaneous COP decreased with an increase in the inlet water temperature.

• 센서학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.432-440
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• 2023

This study introduces an efficient readout circuit designed for two-electrode electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, characterized by its low-noise and low-power consumption attributes. Unlike its three-electrode counterpart, the two-electrode ECG is susceptible to common-mode interference (CMI), causing signal distortion. To counter this, the proposed circuit integrates a common-mode charge pump (CMCP) with a window comparator, allowing for a CMI tolerance of up to 20 V_PP. The CMCP design prevents the activation of electrostatic discharge (ESD) diodes and becomes operational only when CMI surpasses the predetermined range set by the window comparator. This ensures power efficiency and minimizes intermodulation distortion (IMD) arising from switching noise. To maintain ECG signal accuracy, the circuit employs a chopper-stabilized instrumentation amplifier (IA) for low-noise attributes, and to achieve high input impedance, it incorporates a floating high-pass filter (HPF) and a current-feedback instrumentation amplifier (CFIA). This comprehensive design integrates various components, including a QRS peak detector and serial peripheral interface (SPI), into a single 0.18-㎛ CMOS chip occupying 0.54 mm². Experimental evaluations showed a 0.59 µV_RMS noise level within a 1-100 Hz bandwidth and a power draw of 23.83 µW at 1.8 V.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.694-701
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• 2007

The applications of a transcritical $CO_2$ cycle into water heaters show advantages over conventional systems in the respect of power consumption and heating efficiency because the $CO_2$ cycle has a high compressor discharge temperature. Besides, the heating performance of the transcritical $CO_2$ cycle can be improved by optimizing operating conditions. In this study, the heating performance of a variable speed $CO_2$ heat pump was measured and analyzed by varying refrigerant charge amount, EEV opening, compressor frequency and outdoor temperature. As a result, the optimum normalized charge for heating was 0.226. The COPs at the compressor frequencies of 40, 50 and 60 Hz were 2.94, 2.75 and 2.25, respectively. The heating performance of the $CO_2$ cycle with charge amount was more sensitive than the cooling performance. Moreover, the heating performance was improved significantly by optimizing of compressor frequency and EEV opening.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제3권6호
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• pp.416-424
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• 2014

This paper presents an 8-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter. The supply voltage applied for comparators and other sub-blocks of the ADC were 0.7V and 0.5V, respectively. This low power ADC utilizes the capacitive charge pump technique combined with a source-follower and calibration to resolve the need for the opamp. The differential charge pump technique does not require any common mode feedback circuit. The entire structure of the ADC is based on fully dynamic circuits that enable the design of a very low power ADC. The ADC was designed to operate at 1MS/s in 90nm CMOS process, where simulated results using ADS2011 show the peak SNDR and SFDR of the ADC to be 47.8 dB (7.64 ENOB) and 59 dB respectively. The ADC consumes less than 1mW for all active dynamic and digital circuitries.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2018

Olivine structure of $LiFePO_4$ (LFP) is one of the most commonly used materials in aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLBs), and can store and release charge through the insertion/de-insertion of $Li^+$ between LFP and FP. We have fabricated LFP and LFP/FP electrodes on titanium paper and studied their electrochemical properties in 2 M $Li_2SO_4$. The LFP/FP electrode was determined to be a suitable electrode for electo-ostmotic pump (EOP) in terms of efficiency in water and 0.5 mM $Li_2SO_4$ solution. Experiments to determine the effect of cations and anions on the performance of EOP using LFP/FP electrode have shown that $Li^+$ is the best cation and that the anion does not significantly affect the performance of the EOP. As the concentration of $Li_2SO_4$ solution was increased, the current increased. The flow rate peaked at $4.8{\mu}L/30s$ in 1.0 mM $Li_2SO_4$ solution and then decreased. When the EOP was tested continuously in 1.0 mM $Li_2SO_4$ solution, the EOP transported approximately 35 mL of fluid while maintaining a stable flow rate and current for 144 h.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.853-858
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• 2020

본 논문은 통신기기에서 유입 되는 RF 노이즈에 대해 내성을 가진 OLED용 2-채널 DC-DC 변환기를 제안한다. RF 신호 내성을 위해, 입력전압 변동만큼 감쇠시키는 입력전압 변동감쇠 회로가 내장된다. 양의 전압 V_POS를 출력하는 부스트 변환기는 SPWM-PWM 듀얼모드로 동작하고, 데드 타임을 제어함으로써 전력 효율을 제고한다. V_NEG를 출력하는 인버팅 차지펌프는 2-상 출력 구조로 VCO를 이용한 PFM으로 동작해 작은 리플을 갖도록 설계된다. 0.18 ㎛ BCDMOS 공정으로 시뮬레이션 한 결과, 부스트 변환기 출력전압의 오버슈트와 언더슈트는 10 mV에서 각각 2 mV, 5 mV로 감소하였다. 또한, 2-채널 DC-DC 변환기의 전력효율은 39%~93%을 가졌고, 데드 타임 제어기를 적용한 부스트 변환기의 효율은 종전보다 최대 3% 증가하였다.