• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

A microlens array (MLA) was developed based on the wet-etched quartz substrate and coating of UV adhesive on the substrate for maskless lithography application. The developed MLA has the focal length of ${\sim}45\;{\mu}m$ and the spot size of ${\sim}1\;{\mu}m$. The spot size of the focused beam passing through the MLA was detected by CCD camera, and its intensity was monitored by beam profiler. Uniform spots with nearly identical intensities were observed on the focal plane when a beam passes through the fabricated MLA. The focal length was varied depending on thickness of the coated UV adhesive. The thicker the thickness of the UV adhesive was, the shorter the focal length of the MLA was. With a general mask aligner, UV beam focusing was tested onto photoresist (PR). The beams were well focused onto PR when UV passes through the MLA. Depending on the variable distances from the MLA, beam sizes onto PR were controlled. Even at high temperature for a long time, the performances of the MLA were not changed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.642-653
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the output energy(voltage) of laser welding on the strength and properties of joint of cast titanium(CP Gr II) and titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V). Material and method : Cast titanium and its alloy rods(ISO6871) were prepared and perpendicularly cut at the center of the rod. After the cut halves were fixed in a jig, and the joints welded with a laser-welding machine at several levels of output voltage of $200V{\sim}280V$. Uncut specimens served as the non-welded control specimens The pulse duration and pulse spot size employed in this study were 10ms and 1.0mm respectively. Tensile testing was conducted at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The ultimate tensile strength(MPa) was recorded, and the data (n=6) were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Scheffe's test at ${\alpha}$=0.05. The fracture surface of specimens investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Vickers microhardness was measured under 500g load of 15seconds with the optimal condition of output voltage 280V. Results : The results of this study were obtained as follows, 1. When the pulse duration and spot size were fixed at 10ms and 1.0mm respectively, increasing the output energy(voltage) increased UTS values and penetration depth of laser welded to titanium and titanium alloy. 2. For the commercial titanium grade II, ultimate tensile strength(665.3MPa) of the specimens laser-welded at voltage of 280V were not statistically(p>0.05) different from the non-welded control specimens (680.2MPa). 3. For the titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V), ultimate tensile strength(988.3MPa) of the specimens laser-welded at voltage of 280V were statistically(p<0.05) different from the non-welded control specimens (665.0MPa). 4. The commercial titanium grade II and titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V) were Vickers microhardness values were increased in the fusion zone and there were no significant differences in base metal, heat-affected zone.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

The bleaching phenomenon of otter spraints is indicates that the age of spraints (fresh or old spraints). As previous studies on the old otter faeces (spraint) have focused only on the external changes of spraints, it has been difficult to explain the difference of the decomposition rates among old spraints. We hypothesized that the micrometeorology difference caused by various characteristics of sprainting sites such as porosity and consistency of soil could affect the extent of the decomposition rate, the solar bleaching phenomenon of spraints used as a measure of the patterns of old spraints. Sprainting sites were classified into four types (Clay, Sand, Rock and Concrete spot) and each type was divided into two groups according to the sunlight condition (Sunny site and Shady site) to measure the effect of solar radiation. Micrometeorology of the sites were evaluated by measuring temperatures and humidities of the sites during the whole season. The variations in micrometeorology of the sunny sites according to the sprainting site types were examined with correlation analyses between the factors of micrometeorology. The analyses on the bleaching phenomenon of the spraints by micrometeorology showed that the highest rate of bleaching was found at the 'Rock spot' and 'Concrete spot' of the sunny site and especially in summer, the highest rate of bleaching ($63.4{\pm}7.6%$) was found at the 'Clay spot' of the sunny sites. The lowest rate of bleaching was found at the 'Sand spot' of the sunny sites. The above findings show that the difference in bleaching rates among sprainting sites was due to the seasonal or sunny condition. In addition, we found that the differences in thermal conductivity among sprainting site characteristics have resulted in different sprainting site temperature which have affected the rate of bleaching of spraints. In conclusion, this study suggests that studies of otters on their population size and home ranges using spraints as an indirect sign, should consider the effects of sprainting site characteristics and weather conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.211-219
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• 2006

The UET(ultrasound excited thermography) for the ,eat-time diagnostics of the object employs an infrared camera to image defects of the surface and subsurface which are locally heated using high-frequency putted ultrasonic excitation. The dissipation of high-power ultrasonic energy around the feces of the defects causes an increase In temperature. The defect's image appears as a hot spot (bright IR source) within a dark background field. The UET for nondestructive diagnostic and evaluation is based on the image analysis of the hot spot as a local response to ultrasonic excited heat deposition. In this paper the applicability of VET for fast imaging of defect is described. The ultrasonic energy is injected into the sample through a transducer in the vertical and horizontal directions respectively. The voltage applied to the transducer is measured by digital oscilloscope, and the waveform are compared. Measurements were performed on four kinds of materials: SUS fatigue crack specimen(thickness 14mm), PCB plate(1.8 mm), CFRP plate(3 mm) and Inconel 600 plate (1 mm). A high power ultrasonic energy with pulse durations of 250ms Is injected into the samples in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively The obtained experimental result reveals that the dissipation loss of the ultrasonic energy In the vertical injection is less than that in the horizontal direction. In the cafe or PCB, CFRP, the size of hot spot in the vortical injection if larger than that in horizontal direction. Duration time of the hot spot in the vertical direction is three times as long as that in the horizontal direction. In the case of Inconel 600 plate and SUS sample, the hot spot in the horizontal injection was detected faster than that in the vertical direction

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2007

Since 2003, anthracnose symptoms on Eucalyptus globulus were observed in farmer's field at Jisepo, Ilwoon-myon, Geoje city, Gyeongnam province, Korea. Typical symptoms of dark brown to black spot appeared on the leaves, twigs, and stems. Infected young trees were wilted, blighted and died eventually. The pathogen isolated from the typical symptom formed gray to dark gray colony on potato dextrose agar and showed optimum growth at $30^{\circ}C$. Conidia were single celled, colorless, cylindrical with obtuse ends, and $9{\sim}22{\times}3{\sim}6{\mu}m$ in size. Appressoria were dark brown, ovate to obovate, and $6{\sim}18{\times}4{\sim}10{\mu}m$ in size. Perithecia were black and globose in shape and $76{\times}274{\mu}m$ in size. Asci were clavate to cylindrical in shape and $42{\sim}76{\times}8{\sim}12{\mu}m$ in size. Ascospores were cylindrical, fusiform, slightly curved at the center, and $10{\sim}23{\times}4{\sim}6{\mu}m$ in size. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity test on E. globulus, the pathogen was identified as Glomerella cingulata. This is the first report of the anthracnose on E, globulus caused by G. cingulata in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.145-148
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• 2003

In April of 2002, the gray mold disease occurred severely on kalanchoe (Kalanch oe blossfeldiana) grown in a nursery in Daesan-myon, Changwon City, Korea. The lesions were started with water-soaked spot and the leaves discolored from the tip and became gray or dark and gradully expanded to whole leaf. The conidia and mycelia of pathogen appearedd on flower, flower stalk and stem. Conidia were gray, 1-celled, mostly ellipsoid or ovoid in shape and were 8~17 ${\times}$5~12${\mu}m$ in size. Conidiophores were 13~34${\mu}m$ in size. The sclerotia were formed abundantly on potato-dextrose agar. The optimum temperature for sclerotial formation was $20^{\circ}C$. Pathogenicity of the causal organism was proved on Kalanchoe blossfeldiana according to Koch,s postulate. The causal organism was identified as Botrytis cinerea based on mycological characteristics. This is the first report on gray mold of Kalanchoe(Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.125-127
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• 2003

Rust disease was occurred on Iris in several farmer's fields fields located in Hoehwa-myon, Goseong-gun, Gyeong-nam province in Korea. The typical symptoms of the disease appeared first as small, yellowish spot on leaves. The spots then turn brown, their edges rised slightly, and powdery mass of yellowish brown spores revealed on the lesions. Severely infected leaves were blighted and eventually died. Urediniospores were yellowish brown to reddish brown in color, obobid to obovoid in shape and 22~30 ${\times}$ 21~25${\mu}m$m in size. Teliospores were chestnet-brown in color, oblong or clavate in shape and 32~54 ${\times}$ 12~22${\mu}m$ in size. The causal fungus was identified as Puccinia iridis, based on morphological characteristics. This is the first report on the rust of Iris nertschinskia by Puccinia iridis in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.54-56
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• 2004

Rust disease was occurred on blackberry lily (Belamcanda chinensis) in several farmer's fields located in Heohwa-myon, Goseong-gun, Gyeongnam province in Korea. The typical symptoms of the disease appeared as small, yellowish spot on leaves at first. The spots then turned brown, their edges rised slightly, and powdery mass of yellow or yellowish green spores appeared on the lesions. Severely infected leaves were blighted and eventually died. Urediniospores were yellow or yellowish brown in color, globoid to ovoid in shape and $21{\sim}46{\times}18{\sim}38\;{\mu}m$ in size. Teliospores were brown in color, oblong or clavate in shape and $32{\sim}64{\times}12{\sim}26\;{\mu}m$ in size. The causal fungus was identified as Puccinia belamcandae based on morphological characteristics and host specificity. This is the first report on the rust of B. chinensis caused by P. belamcandae in Korea.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.42-54
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for stage planning by analyzing current state of major theaters' stage space and understanding feedback from directors belonged to theaters. Each room in total 18 theaters' stage facilities was measured and their usage and requirements were analyzed on the spot. In addition, each director provided their experiential knowledge about appropriate stage composition for musical performance. The findings are as follow: under stage machinery is not needed for musical. Tour teams prefer to use their own show-deck for set conversion. On the other hand, over stage flying system needs to be able to deal with dense, fast, and accurate scene change. The size and location of the motor room needs to be carefully considered. The number of set battens is directly linked up with the size of the motor room, which should be located lower than the gridiron. As stage sets get bigger and complicated, the number of works at the gridiron is also increasing. The grating floor has to have enough strength coping with machines lifting heavy sets. Most sound control for musical performance is being done at F.O.H. these days rather that in the sound control room. It should equip enough work area and related infra especially for tour teams. 1st gallery needs to have enough effective width, power infra for lighting fixture, and strong guardrail. Lastly, the whole process of parking-unloading-transporting equipments and sets from loading dock to stage and vice versa needs to be efficient, and this has to be carefully considered from early stage of planning.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.07b
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• pp.976-979
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• 2002

A focusing grating coupler (FGC) was not fabricated by the 'Continuous Path Control' writing strategy but by an electron-beam lithography system of more general exposure mode, which matches not only the address grid with the grating period but also an integer multiple of the address grid resolution (5 nm), To more simplify the fabrication, we are able to reduce a process step without large decrease of pattern quality by excluding a conducting material or layer such as metal (Al, Cr, Au), which are deposited on top or bottom of an e-beam resist to prevent charge build-up during e-beam exposure. A grating pitch period and an aperture feature size of the FGC designed and fabricated by e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching were ranged over 384.3 nm to 448.2 nm, and $0.5{\times}0.5mm^2$ area, respectively, This fabrication method presented will reduce processing time and improve the grating quality by means of a consideration of the address grid resolpution, grating direction, pitch size and shapes when exposing. Here our investigations concentrate on the design and efficient fabrication results of the FGC for coupling from slab waveguide to a spot in free space.