• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.461-471
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• 2009

Let ${\Omega}$ be a bounded subset of $R^n$ with smooth boundary and H be a Sobolev space $W_0^{1,2}({\Omega})$. Let $I{\in}C^{1,1}$ be a strongly definite functional defined on a Hilbert space H. We investigate the conditions on which the functional I satisfies the Palais-Smale condition. Palais-Smale condition is important for determining the critical points for I by applying the critical point theory.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2010

In this paper, we study the geometry of lightlike hypersurfaces of a semi-Riemannian manifold. We prove a classification theorem for Einstein lightlike hypersurfaces M of a Lorentzian space form subject such that the second fundamental forms of M and its screen distribution S(TM) are conformally related by some non-vanishing smooth function.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1996

Let E be a real normed linear space, $K \subseteq E$.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2013

기존 발파를 이용한 암반굴착 공법은 효율적이나 심각한 수준의 발파진동 및 여굴/미굴을 발생시킨다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 워터젯 절삭기술을 이용하여 터널 계획선을 따라 자유면을 형성한 후 발파하는 공법을 제안하고 있다. 제안공법은 (1) 발파진동/소음을 저감시키고, (2) 여굴/미굴을 최소화 시키고, (3) 굴착효율 극대화가 가능하다. 제안공법의 효과를 검증하기 위해 기존에 널리 쓰이고 있는 스무스 블라스팅(smooth blasting) 공법을 실험 대조군으로 설정하여 동일한 조건에서 현장실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 발파 진동은 최대 55% 감소하고 여굴/미굴은 거의 발생하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 굴착효율은 기존공법에 비해 뛰어난 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서 제안하고 있는 워터젯 자유면을 이용한 암반 발파공법은 도심지 굴착공사뿐만 아니라 지하구조물 구축공사에 널리 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2007

Purpose: It is generally accepted that smooth muscle contraction is triggered by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) released from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores such as sarcoplasmic teticulum (SR) and from the extracellular space. The increased $[Ca^{2+}]^i$ can phosphorylate the 20,000 dalton myosin light chain $(MLC_{20})$ by activating MLC kinase (MLCK), and this initiates smooth muscle contraction. In addition to the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$MACK-tension pathway, a number of intracellular signal molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC) and others, play important roles in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, the mechanisms regulating contraction of depletion of SR $Ca^{2+}$ in mouse gastric smooth muscle strips is not still clear. Methods: To investigate the rotes of $Ca^{2+}$ influx and SR $Ca^{2+}$ release channel on gastric motility, isometric contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ were examined in mouse gastric smooth muscle strips. Results: High KCl, ryanodine, an activator of $Ca^{2+-}$induced $Ca^{2+}$ release channel, and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of SR $Ca^{2+-}$ATPase evoked a sustained increase in muscle contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. These increases induced by high KCl, ryanodine, and CPA were partially blocked by application of verapamil ($10{\mu}M$), a L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel inhibitor. Additionally, in $Ca^{2+-}$free solution (1 mM EGTA), ryanodine and CPA had no effect contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in fundic muscle strips. Conclusion: These results that extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ influx and depletion of SR trigger $Ca^{2+}$ influx through verapamil-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ channel, and extracellular and SR $Ca^{2+}$ store may functionally involve in the subcellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization in mouse gastric muscle.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2004

It is widely accepted that smooth muscle contraction is triggered by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) released from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores such as sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and from the extracellular space, The increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ can phosphorylate the 20-kDa myosin light chain ($MLC_{20}$) by activating MLC kinase (MLCK), and this initiates smooth muscle contraction. In addition to the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$-MLCK-tension pathway, a number of intracellular signal molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK), play important roles in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, the mechanisms regulating contraction of caldesmon (CaD), actin-binding protein, are not entirely elucidated in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$. It is known that CaD tightly interacts with actin and inhibits actomyosin ATPase activity. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the roles of $Ca^{2+}$-dependent CaD in smooth muscle contraction. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), G-protein coupled receptor agonist and vasoconstrictor, increased both vascular smooth contraction and phosphorylation of CaD in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$. These results suggest that ET-1 induces contraction and phosphorylation of CaD in rat aortic smooth muscle, which may he mediated by the increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제33권1_2호
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• pp.13-31
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• 2015

In this paper, we introduce a general iterative algorithm for finding a common element of the common fixed point set of an infinite family of ${\lambda}_i$-strict pseudo-contractions and the solution set of a general system of variational inclusions for two inverse strongly accretive operators in q-uniformly smooth Banach spaces. Then, we analyze the strong convergence of the iterative sequence generated by the proposed iterative algorithm under mild conditions.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2003

Let K be a nonempty closed bounded convex subset of an arbitrary smooth Banach space X and T : KlongrightarrowK be a strictly hemi-contractive operator. Under some conditions we obtain that the Mann iteration method with errors both converges strongly to a unique fixed point of T and is almost T-stable on K. The results presented in this paper generalize the corresponding results in [l]-[7], [20] and others.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.485-505
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• 2020

We present a complete description of all the extreme points of the unit ball of 𝓛_s(²𝑙³_∞) which leads to a complete formula for ║f║ for every f ∈ 𝓛_s(²𝑙³_∞)^∗. We also show that $extB_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2l^3_{\infty})}{\subset}extB_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2l^n_{\infty})}$ for every n ≥ 4. Using the formula for ║f║ for every f ∈ 𝓛_s(²𝑙³_∞)^∗, we show that every extreme point of the unit ball of 𝓛_s(²𝑙³_∞) is exposed. We also characterize all the smooth points of the unit ball of 𝓛_s(²𝑙³_∞).

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 이동 환경의 패킷 전달 기법과 위치에 독립적인 주소의 사용 등이 멀티캐스트의 주요 연구 핵심과 유사한 점에 고려하여, 멀티캐스트의 그룹 관리 기법과 경로 설정 방법을 이용하여 이동성을 제공하는 새로운 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 이동 환경에서 멀티미디어의 원활한 서비스를 위해 선가입을 통한 smooth 핸드오프기법을 제안하였다. smooth 핸드오프는 호스트의 이동 방향 예측을 이용한 선가입 기법을 사용하여 핸드오프 시 발생하는 지연 요소를 최소화하는 기법이다. 제안된 이동성 제공 기법과 smooth 핸드오프의 성능을 실험하기 위하여 NS-2 네트워크 모의실험 프로그램을 확장하여 실험하였다. 실험 결과 제안된 기법에서 선가입을 사용했을 때가 이동성을 지원하는 여러 기법들보다 핸드오프 지연과 수신되는 데이터의 처리량에서 우수한 성능을 보였다.