• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1213-1219
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• 2010

We evaluated the anti-aging potential and safety of black garlic extract for cosmeceutical ingredient. Black garlic was made by spontaneous fermentation for 40 days at $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$, 85~95% RH without any additives. The 10% black garlic extract had sweet odor, antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities of skin againg enzymes such as tyrosinase and elastase. The skin safety was performed to evaluate of potential toxicity using the primary irritation test and skin sensitization test. The black garlic extract did not show any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites at primary irritation test, but on abraded sites, some experimental animals showed very slight erythema. So, the black garlic extract was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on the score 0.23 of primary irritation index. The skin sensitization study was tested by the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) with intradermal injection of 10% black garlic extract. The skin sensitization test showed no skin sensitization. The allergic sensitization depends on tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The concentration of IL-6 on challenged tissue of treated with black garlic extract was not significantly different with negative control group (saline treated group). Based on this study, the potential for black garlic as a cosmeceutical ingredient was proven.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.259-275
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• 2002

During a clinical test with Korean herbal cosmetics, significant data and related results are summarized as following: 1. The questionnaire resulted the subjects who used Korean herbal cosmetics showed significant subjective improvement. 2. $11{\%}$ of the subjects who used Korean herbal skin lotion replied "very good" , $60{\%}$ "good" , and $29{\%}$ "so so". 3. In the questionnaire about how often the subjects who used Korean herbal skin lotion experienced skin irritation, $91{\%}$ of the subjects replied they didn't experience any skin irritation 4. The subjects who used oily & combinational cosmetics showed more significant result than the placebo group in the questionnaire about how they feel when using emulsion. 5. In the questionnaire about how they feel when using emulsion. $11{\%}$ of all the subjects replied "very good" , 60{\%}$ "good" , and $29{\%}$ "so so". 6. In the questionnaire about how they feel when using essence $18{\%}$ of all the subjects replied "very good" , $56{\%}$ "good" , and $27{\%}$ "so so". 7. In the questionnaire about how often the subjects who used skin lotion experienced skin irritation, $100{\%}$ of the subjects replied there was no skin irritation. 8. the subjects who used Korean herbal cosmetics showed significant result in the questionnaire about how much moisture they feel when using cream. 9. The subjects who used neutral & dry cosmetics showed more significant result than the placebo group in the questionnaire about if the cosmetics spread well when using emulsion. 10. The subjects who used oily & combinational cosmetics showed more significant result than the placebo group in the questionnaire about how much moisture they feel when using cosmetics. 11. In the questionnaire about how they feel when using cream $13{\%}$ of all the subjects replied "very good", $49{\%}$ "good", and $2{\%}$ "so so". 12. In the questionnaire about how often the subjects who used cream lotion experienced skin irritation, $96{\%}$ of the subjects replied there was no skin irritation. 13. In the measurement of coreometer, the subjects who used oily & combinational cosmetics showed significant result(measurement area : indang). Especially in the area of sungjang there is significant difference between the subjects group and placebo group. 14. In the measurement of skin-ph-meter, there was no significant change in all group. 15. in the measurement of melanin-erythema index meter, the subjects who used cosmetics which doesn't contain Korean herbs showed significant change and made significant difference in comparison to the subjects who used Korean herbal cosmetics.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 2012

This study was designed to evaluate to acute oral toxicity and skin irritation of Chrysanthemum dye in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. SD rats were orally treated with Chrysanthemum dye at a dose of 0, 1 and 2 ml/kg body weight. After oral administration, the rats were observed for 14days. In primary skin irritation test, SD rats were dermally treated with Chrysanthemum dye and observed for 3 days. To ensure the safety of Chrysanthemum dye such as the following were observed and tested. We examined the body weight, the feed intake, the clinical signs, the ophthalmological test, the histopathological test, the mortality and skin irritation. As a result, no significant differences were found in body weight, feed intake and histopathological test between control and Chrysanthemum dye treated group. In the result of skin irritation test, Chrysanthemum dye did not induce erythema and edema after topical application. Primary irritation index was "0" in the test. Therefore, it is suggested that Chrysanthemum dye has no effect on acute toxicity and side effect in SD rats and is non-irritant material based on the score "0" of primary irritation index.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2000

Carthami tinctorii Fructus is known for its good effect on diseases such as fracture, menorrhalgia, menoschesis, puerperium aneilema and so on. The study of irritation and toxicity of Carthami oil aquapuncture solution applied topically to the skin and the eye mucous membrane were carried out to prove the safety of Carthami oil aquapuncture solution in clinical use. Animal for the research was the rabbit and the solution for the test was made from Carthami semen. 6 animals were used for the skin test and 9 animals were used for the eye mucous membrane test. In results, both tests proved that Carthami oil aquapuncture solution makes no irritable reaction on skin and eye mucous membrane of rabbit. We consider that this result is helpful for saying about the safety of Carthami oil aquapuncture solution in clinical use.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2012

A novel synthetic hexapeptide (SFKLRY-$NH_2$) that displays angiogenic activity has been identified by positional scanning of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library (PS-SPCL). This study was carried out to investigate the irritation of the SFKLRY-$NH_2$ on the skin. The tests were performed on the basis of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines. In results, cell toxicity is not appeared for SFKLRY-$NH_2$ in HaCaT cells and B16F10 cells. SFKLRY-$NH_2$ induced no skin irritation at low concentration ($10{\mu}m$), mild irritation at high concentration (10mM). We consider that this result is helpful for saying about the safety of SFKLRY-$NH_2$ in clinical use.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.417-423
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• 2018

Extracellular interleukin 1 alpha (IL-$1{\alpha}$) released from keratinocytes is one of the endpoints for in vitro assessments of skin irritancy. Although cells dying via primary skin irritation undergo apoptosis as well as necrosis, IL-$1{\alpha}$ is not released in apoptotic cells. On the other hand, active secretion has been identified in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), which was discovered to be a common, upregulated, differentially-expressed gene in a microarray analysis performed with keratinocytes treated using cytotoxic doses of chemicals. This study examined whether and how IL-1ra, particularly extracellularly released IL-1ra, was involved in chemically-induced keratinocyte cytotoxicity and skin irritation. Primary cultured normal adult skin keratinocytes were treated with cytotoxic doses of chemicals (hydroquinone, retinoic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, or urshiol) with or without recombinant IL-1ra treatment. Mouse skin was administered irritant concentrations of hydroquinone or retinoic acid. IL-1ra (mRNA and/or intracellular/extracellularly released protein) levels increased in the chemically treated cultured keratinocytes with IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ mRNAs and in the chemically exposed epidermis of the mouse skin. Recombinant IL-1ra treatment significantly reduced the chemically-induced apoptotic death and intracellular/extracellularly released IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in keratinocytes. Collectively, extracellular IL-1ra released from keratinocytes could be a compensatory mechanism to reduce the chemically-induced keratinocyte apoptosis by antagonism to IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, suggesting potential applications to predict skin irritation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2007

This test was performed to evaluate the skin irritation and sensitization of Creocomplex, disinfectant, Containing 10% 4-chloro-m-cresol, 10% didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and 10% glutaraldehyde. In primary skin irritation test, rabbits were dermally treated with Creocomplex for 24 hrs. The disinfectant did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites, but on abraded skin sites, some rabbits showed very slight erythema and edema 24hr after topical application. So, the disinfectant was classified as a practically non-irrifating material based on the score 0.13 of primary irritation index. In the skin sensitization test, guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1ml Creocomplex for 24 hr. After 1 week, Creocomplex was treated on the site of injection, and challenged 2 weeks later. Creocomplex did not induce any allergic reactions. Therefore, 10% Creocomplex was graded as a weak material from 0 in both sensitization score· and rate. From results of the present study, it is suggested that 10% Creocomplex does not cause contact irritation and sensitization.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2021

This evaluation tested the skin irritation and sensitization of an acaricide (Wagoojabi II®, WGJB) for the control of poultry red mite, containing 20% Chamaecyparis obtusa oil and 56% Cinnamomum camphora oil. In a primary skin irritation test, rabbits were dermally treated with WGJB for 24 h. The acaricide did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites, but on abraded skin sites, some rabbits showed very slight erythema and edema 24 h after topical application. So, the acaricide was classified as a practically mild-irritating material based on a 0.625 primary irritation index score. In the skin sensitization test, guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1mL WGJB for 24 h. After 1 week, The WGJB was treated on the site of injection, and challenged 2 weeks later. The WGJB did not induce any allergic reactions. Therefore, the WGJB was graded as a weak material at '0' in both sensitization score and rate. From the results of this study, it is suggested that WGJB does not cause contact irritation and sensitization.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2005

The present study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotic-resistance in vitro and the skin irritation in rabbits with surfactin produced by Bacillus subtilus Complex BC1212. The antibacterial activities of selected antimicrobial agents (surfactin, amoxacillin, colistin, norfloxacin and streptomycin) were evaluated by using the broth microdilution method. As the results, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the surfactin was less than 15.6 ㎍/ml. In the skin irritation test, two out of 4 rabbits showed very slight edema at 24 h after the administration of surfactin, and then recovered at 72 h. The change of body weight was normal during the skin irritation test. The primary irritation index in accordance with the Draize evaluation of topical reaction was calculated to be '0.125', which meant not irritating. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the test agent, surfactin, was a non-irritant. We could also think that the surfactin may be useful for the treatment of S. aureus infections such as bovine mastitis.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2005

In the present study, we evaluated the free radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities exhibited by extracts obtained from the dried stems (and leaves) of Lespedeza bicolor We also assessed its potential irritation activities with regard to cosmetic use. When the DPPH radical scavenging activities of L. bicolor were assessed at six different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$), the concentration of L. bicolor required to inhibit DPPH radical formation by $50\%$ was found to be $164.90{\mu}g/ml$. The effects of L. bicolor on the inhibition of xanthine oxidase were determined at seven different concentrations. The $50\%$ effective concentration was found to be $282.75{\mu}g/ml$. In the skin irritation test, all animals survived for the duration of the study, and all exhibited normal gains in body weight. The control sites exhibited no response to the control procedures. No edema, erythema, or eschar formation was observed in any of the tested rabbits. In the ocular irritation study, all of the rabbit eyes remained normal. In summary, L. bicolor extracts were considered to be non-irritating to the skin and eye.