• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.3738-3760
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• 2022

Due to increasing spectrum demand for new wireless devices applications, cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) paradigm is the most promising solution to alleviate the spectrum shortage problem. However, in the interweave cognitive radio (CR) system, the inherent nature of CSS opens a hole to Byzantine attack, thereby resulting in a significant drop of the CSS security and efficiency. In view of this, a weighted differential sequential single symbol (WD3S) algorithm based on MATLAB platform is developed to accurately identify malicious users (MUs) and benefit useful sensing information from their malicious reports in this paper. In order to achieve this, a dynamic Byzantine attack model is proposed to describe malicious behaviors for MUs in an interweave CR system. On the basis of this, a method of data transmission consistency verification is formulated to evaluate the global decision's correctness and update the trust value (TrV) of secondary users (SUs), thereby accurately identifying MUs. Then, we innovatively reuse malicious sensing information from MUs by the weight allocation scheme. In addition, considering a high spectrum usage of primary network, a sequential and differential reporting way based on a single symbol is also proposed in the process of the sensing information submission. Finally, under various Byzantine attack types, we provide in-depth simulations to demonstrate the efficiency and security of the proposed WD3S.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.421-429
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• 2007

This paper presents a direct-conversion CMOS transceiver for fully digital DS-UWB systems. The transceiver includes all of the radio building blocks, such as a T/R switch, a low noise amplifier, an I/Q demodulator, a low pass filter, a variable gain amplifier as a receiver, the same receiver blocks as a transmitter including a phase-locked loop (PLL), and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). A single-ended-to-differential converter is implemented in the down-conversion mixer and a differential-to-single-ended converter is implemented in the driver amplifier stage. The chip is fabricated on a 9.0 $mm^2$ die using standard 0.18 ${\mu}m$ CMOS technology and a 64-pin MicroLead Frame package. Experimental results show the total current consumption is 143 mA including the PLL and VCO. The chip has a 3.5 dB receiver gain flatness at the 660 MHz bandwidth. These results indicate that the architecture and circuits are adaptable to the implementation of a wideband, low-power, and high-speed wireless personal area network.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.195-202
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• 1988

Acetonitrile 용액중에서 3-phenyl-4-nitrosydnone의 전기화학전 환원을 direct current, differential pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry 그리고 controlled potential coulometry 방법으로 연구하였다. Phenyl-N 단일 결합의 분리 이전에 nitro 기능기의 비가역적 전자 전달-화학반응(EC)기구의 진행으로 다전자 이동에 의한 amino(또한 hydroxylamino)기를 형성하고, 높은 음 전위 영역에서 2,3 비가역성 환원파의 일전자전달-화학반응에 의한 phenyl hydrazine을 생성하였다. 음극 반파 전위들은 cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide의 억제 효과에 의해 음의 값으로 이동하였고 한편, sodium lauryl sulfate micelle은 높은 음전위 영역에서 제 2,3 환원파의 가역성산화 peaks를 보였다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.389-395
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• 2019

Unlike aerial images covering small region, satellite data show high potential to detect urban scale geospatial changes. The change detection using satellite images can be carried out using single image or stereo images. The single image approach is based on radiometric differences between two images of different times. It has limitations to detect building level changes when the significant occlusion and relief displacement appear in the images. In contrast, stereo satellite data can be used to generate DSM (Digital Surface Model) that contain information of relief-corrected objects. Therefore, they have high potential for the object change detection. Therefore, we carried out a study for the change detection over an urban area using stereo satellite data of two different times. First, the RPC correction was performed for two DSMs generation via stereo image matching. Then, D-DSM (Differential DSM) was generated by differentiating two DSMs. The D-DSM was used for the topographic change detection and the performance was checked by applying different height thresholds to D-DSM.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 센서 박막재료 반도체 세라믹
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• pp.120-123
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• 2003

To investigate the characteristics of the single dendrimer molecule, we attempt to measure morphology and electrical properties of the self-assembled dendrimer on Au (111)substrate with SPM(scanning probe microscopy). The same self-assembly procedure was used for two different concentrations, $10{\mu}mol/ml$ and $100{\mu}mol/ml$. The case of lower concentration, we can measure the diameter and the height of the single molecule with the tapping mode AFM image. The imaged single molecules were dome shaped and the average diameter and height were 15.6 nm, 1.2 nm respectively. From these sizes, we can calculate the volume of the single molecule. The volume of the single molecule was estimated about $116nm^3$. However, that of higher concentration, it is difficult to obtain obvious image of the single molecule. To add to, I-V characteristics were investigated using STM, on which the phenomenon of negative differential resistance (NDR)was observed between 0.14 V and 0.24 V reproductively.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.235-242
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• 1998

본 연구는 GPS 보조에 의한 항공삼각측량 및 자동차량항법장치 등과 같은 고정밀 측량에서 주요 오차 원인이 되고 있는 다중경로 오차를 검출하고 이를 요구 정확도로 축소시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 수신점의 다중 수신기를 고정한 후 동적 수신기가 연속적으로 이동할 때, 망조정시 smoothed코드 측정과 순수 코드 측정을 실행하여 동적수신기에 대한 단차분법 코드파 위치 해석에서 3차원 RMS 오차가 약 30% 축소됨을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 망조정들은 다중 수신점에서 실행되었지만, 위치결정은 항상 동적 수신기와 하나의 기준 수신점 사이의 단차분법에 의해 실행된다는 것에 근거한 것이고, 서로 매우 근접한 수신기로부터 이중차를 이용하여 대기 오차를 포함한 모든 상관성 오차를 상당히 축소할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 다른 처리 기법들과 조합하여 사용할 있으리라 생각된다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 단일경계 표면플라즈몬 도파로의 모드특성을 잘 이해하기 위해 복소차분도표를 제안한다. 기존의 표면플라즈몬 모드는 군속도의 부호가 바뀌는 부분을 기준으로 분류되었는데, 여기에서 군속도는 표면플라즈몬 모드 진행방향의 전파상수와 광자 에너지에 대한 분산 관계식에서 접선의 기울기이다. 표면플라즈몬 모드는 진행방향에 대해 수직한 방향의 전파상수도 가지고 있기 때문에 이를 종합적으로 이용하여 모드를 분류하는 것이 필요하다. 복소차분도표는 전파상수의 실수 부와 허수 부의 차이를 변수로 하여 나타낸 도표로서 이를 이용하면 모드 분류가 가능하고 또한 광자 에너지에 따른 종합적인 전파상수의 변화 경향을 살펴보는 것이 용이하다.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제28A권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 1991

It is well known that the conventional differential source-coupled pair uses gates as its input terminals. This input pair provids a high open-loop gain, a large CMRR, and a good PSRR. For these reasons, the input pair has been used widely as an input stages of the differential amplifiers, but a narrow linear input range of this structurelimits its application in the area of some analog circuit design. A novel CMOS source-coupled backgate pair is proposed in this paper. The bulk of MOSFET is exploited and input devices are biased to operate in ohmic region. With this topology, the backgate pair of the wide linear input range and variable transconductance can be obtained. This backgate input differential stage is realized with the size of W/L=50/25 MOSFETs. The results show the nonlinear error is less than $\gamma$1% over 10V full-scale range for the bias current of 200$\mu$A with 10V single power-supply.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2004년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.396-400
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 단일 이동 객체를 추적할 수 있는 추적 시스템을 제안하였다. 추적 시스템은 차영상 기법을 이용하여 객체의 움직임을 추정하고, 카메라의 Pan/Tilt를 제어함으로서 이동 객체를 추적할 수 있도록 하였다. 구현된 시스템은 영상획득 및 전처리 단계, 움직임 추정 단계, 객체 추적 단계로 구성되었다. 시간 간격을 두고 획득된 두 영상에 있어 움직임 추정은 기본적으로 차영상 기법을 이용하였다. 차영상의 이진화 작업에 있어 임계값의 결정은 배경과 객체의 변화에 적응적으로 동작할 수 있는 기법을 사용하였다. 또한 객체 영역의 그룹화에 있어 블록 단위의 재귀적 레이블링 방법을 사용하여 연결성을 향상시켰다. 실험 결과 이동 객체의 움직임을 추정할 수 있었고, 추적 과정에서도 객체를 잃어버리지 않고 정상적으로 추적할 수 있었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.711-734
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• 2012

The foundation of a tall building frame resting on settable soil mass undergoes differential settlements which alter the forces in the structural members significantly. For tall buildings it is essential to consider seismic forces in analysis. The building frame, foundation and soil mass are considered to act as single integral compatible structural unit. The stress-strain characteristics of the supporting soil play a vital role in the interaction analysis. The resulting differential settlements of the soil mass are responsible for the redistribution of forces in the superstructure. In the present work, the nonlinear interaction analysis of a two-bay ten-storey plane building frame- layered soil system under seismic loading has been carried out using the coupled finite-infinite elements. The frame has been considered to act in linear elastic manner while the soil mass to act as nonlinear elastic manner. The subsoil in reality exists in layered formation and consists of various soil layers having different properties. Each individual soil layer in reality can be considered to behave in nonlinear manner. The nonlinear layered system as a whole will undergo differential settlements. Thus, it becomes essential to study the structural behaviour of a structure resting on such nonlinear composite layered soil system. The nonlinear constitutive hyperbolic soil model available in the literature is adopted to model the nonlinear behaviour of the soil mass. The structural behaviour of the interaction system is investigated as the shear forces and bending moments in superstructure get significantly altered due to differential settlements of the soil mass.