• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.155-162
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• 2023

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.), a root vegetable grown worldwide, is consumed in several ways. In the cross between parental lines to produce F1 seeds of radish, the problem of low purity may arise because of pollen contamination. Therefore, we aimed to establish conditions for callus induction and regeneration so that in vitro cultured plants could be used for the propagation of stock seeds. The most effective hormone combination containing various concentrations of 2,4-D, TDZ, and kinetin was selected for callus induction using radish hypocotyl, and the induced calli were transferred to two types of hormone media to investigate the optimal conditions for shoot regeneration of the callus. The combination of 1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.05 mg/L kin was the most effective for callus induction of RA2 and RA10, 1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/L kin + 0.025 mg/L TDZ of RA4, and 1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kin of RA30. Shoot regeneration of the RA4 callus occurred in both shoot regeneration media, but the frequency was much higher in the 5H+1B medium (1 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D + 1 mg/L IPA + 0.02 mg/L GA3 + 2 mg/L zeatin + 1 mg/L BA). For the in vitro micropropagation of radish, the conditions selected in this study can assist in the propagation and maintenance of stock seeds to produce F1 seeds.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2010

Today, the fashion market challenged by a maturing retail market needs a new paradigm in the "evolution of brand" to improve their comparative advantages. An important issue in fashion marketing is lifestyle brand extension with a specific aim to meet consumers' specific needs for their changing lifestyle. For fashion brand extensions into lifestyle product categories, Gen Y and Baby Boomer are emerging as "prospects"-Baby Boomers who are renovating their lifestyle, and generation Y experiencing changes in their life stage-with demands for buying new products. Therefore, it is imperative that apparel companies pay special attention to the consumer cohort for brand extension to create and manage their brand equity in a new product category. The purposes of this study are to (a) evaluate brand equity between parent and extension brands; (b) identify consumers' perceived marketing elements for brand extension; and (c) estimate a structural equation model for examining causative relationship between marketing elements and brand equity for brand extensions in lifestyle product category including home fashion items for the selected two groups (e.g., Gen Y, and Baby boomer). For theoretical frameworks, this study focused on the traditional marketing 4P's mix to identify what marketing element is more importantly related to brand extension equity for this study. It is assumed that comparable marketing capability can be critical to establish "brand extension equity", leads to successfully entering the new categories. Drawing from the relevant literature, this study developed research hypotheses incorporating brand equity factors and marketing elements by focusing on the selected consumers (e.g., Gen Y, Baby Boomer). In the context of brand extension in the lifestyle products, constructs of brand equity consist of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions (e.g., perceived quality, emotional value) and brand resonance adapted from CBBE factors (Keller, 2001). It is postulated that the marketing elements create brand extension equity in terms of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions by the brand extension into lifestyle products, which in turn influence brand resonance. For data collection, the sample was comprised of Korean female consumers in Gen Y and Baby Boomer consumer categories who have a high demand for lifestyle products due to changing their lifecycles. A total of 651 usable questionnaires were obtained from female consumers of Gen Y (n=326) and Baby Boomer (n=325) in South Korea. Structural and measurement models using a correlation matrix was estimated using LISREL 8.8. Findings indicated that perceived marketing elements for brand extension consisted of three factors: price/store image, product, and advertising. In the model of Gen Y consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on brand equity factors (e.g., brand awareness/association, perceived quality), while product had positive effect on emotional value in the brand extensions; and the brand awareness/association was likely to increase the perceived quality and emotional value, leading to brand resonance for brand extensions in the lifestyle products. In the model of Baby Boomer consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on perceived quality, which created brand resonance of brand extension; and product had a positive effect on perceived quality and emotional value, which leads to brand resonance for brand extension in the lifestyle products. However, advertising was negatively related to brand equity for both groups. This study provides an insight for fashion marketers in developing a successful brand extension strategy, leading to a sustainable competitive advantage. This study complements and extends prior works in the brand extension through critical factors of marketing efforts that affect brand extension success. Findings support a synergy effect on leveraging of fashion brand extensions (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Tauber, 1988; Shine et al., 2007; Pitta and Katsanis, 1995) in conjunction with marketing actions for entering into the new product category. Thus, it is recommended that marketers targeting both Gen Y and Baby Boomer can reduce marketing cost for entering the new product category (e.g., home furnishings) by standardized marketing efforts; fashion marketers can (a) offer extension lines with premium ranges of price; (b) place an emphasis on upscale features of store image positioning by a retail channel (e.g., specialty department store) in Korea, and (c) combine apparel with lifestyle product assortments including innovative style and designer’s limited editions. With respect to brand equity, a key to successful brand extension is consumers’ brand awareness or association that ensures brand identity with new product category. It is imperative for marketers to have knowledge of what contributes to more concrete associations in a market entry into new product categories. For fashion brands, a second key of brand extension can be a "luxury" lifestyle approach into new product categories, in that higher price or store image had impact on perceived quality that established brand resonance. More importantly, this study increases the theoretical understanding of brand extension and suggests directions for marketers as they establish marketing program at Gen Y and Baby Boomers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.9-25
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• 1977

As a successive work of the variation studies of natural Pinus densiflora stands, some characteristics of individual trees of the three natural populations selected from the Kwang-won Province, the middle-east part of Korean peninsula, as shown in the location map, were investigated. And the statiscal differences between individuals within population, and between populations were analysed. Twenty trees from each population were selected for this study purpose. Doing this, those trees lagged in growth, usually showing poorer form, were eliminated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Though the average population ages had the ranage between 50 and 63, the growth of height or diameter was similar. Population No.9 is, however, considered to have better tree forms at glance. Population No.8 showed the heighest value not only in the clear-stem-length ratio. 0.53 but also in the crown-index 0.91. The higher value can be result from those trees having long lateral branches and relatively short crown height, meaning undesirable crown shape. In regard to the fine branchedness and the acuteness of branching angle, the population No.9. is considered to be a better one, whereas there was almost no difference in crown height among populations. 2. Checking the frequency distributions of the ratio of the clear-stem-height to the total height and the crown-indices, some difference between populations are considered. These might be attributed to the previous way of stand mangement which alters the density. 3. In the serration density, the average number of 54 per 1cm needle length, the significant differences exist between individual trees within population but not between populations. A few trees which extremly high serration density were observed. As in serration, so tendencies were in the number of stomata row and resin duct. 4. The population 8 had the resin duct index value of 0.074 as the highest which was twice or triple of the other ones. 5. The patterns of increasing process of the average 10-year-ring-segment were not similar till the 30 years of age, but beyond this, the tendency lines were aggregated. 6. Regading the average summer wood ratio, no diffrence between populations, but in the ranges, i.e. 23 to 30 in population No.8. and 16 to 36 in population No.9., with regad to the specific gravity of wood, there were hardly observed any difference between populations even in the ranges values. As the increase of tree ages, the increase of specific gravity was followed but the increasing patterns were not similar between populations. 7. No significant differences between populations in the average tracheid length and the range were detected. However, the length was increased according to the age increase. The increasing pattern was same between populations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.406-415
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• 2020

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most valuable agricultural crops and is grown under a wide spectrum of environmental conditions. However, maize is moderately sensitive to salt stress, and soil salinity is a serious threat to its production worldwide. In this study, we used ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to generate salt-tolerant silage maize mutants. We screened salt-tolerant lines from 203 M₃ mutant populations by evaluating the morphological phenotype after salt stress treatment and selected the 140ES91 line. The 140ES91 mutant showed improved plant growth as well as higher proline content and leaf photosynthetic capacity compared with those of wild-type plants under salt stress conditions. Using whole-genome re-sequencing analysis, 1,103 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 71 insertions or deletions were identified as common variants between KS140 and 140ES91 in comparison with the reference genome B73. Furthermore, the expression patterns of three genes, which are involved in salt stress responses, were increased in the 140ES91 mutant under salt stress. Taken together, the mutant line identified in our study could be used as an improved breeding material for transferring salt tolerance traits in maize varieties.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.474-481
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• 2011

Potato late blight caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans is one of the most vital diseases damaging the potato plant. It is for this reason that breeding potato cultivars resistant to late blight is now becoming a major concern around the world. The B3C1 clones has been introduced by the Highland Agriculture Research Center, RDA. The clones which came from International Potato Center in 2005 have a durable resistance to late blight. The clones were bred under a short-day condition in Peru. However, there was still no report on the adaptability of these clones to the long-day condition in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the late blight resistance and major agronomic characteristics of B3C1 clones under Korea's long-day condition. This study was also done to generate genetic resources for developing new varieties resistant to late blight. In this study it was found out that in naturally infested field with P. infestans, AUDPC (area under disease progress curve) values of all B3C1 clones were significantly lower than those of the control varieties, 'Superior', 'Atlantic', and 'Haryeong'. It was found out that B3C1 clones had a high level of resistance to late blight and that they could be used as genetic resources to breed potato varieties with late blight resistance. However, several undesirable characteristics such as extremely late maturity, excessive growth of stems and stolons, and production of tubers that cannot easily be removed from the stolons were also observed. Among the twenty B3C1 clones, two clones, LB-8 (CIP393077.159) and LB-11 (CIP393371.159), were selected for cultivating at the highland area of Korea. Two B3C1 clones were crossed with Korean breeding lines and clonal selection for the progenies is still in progress.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2015

"Seedgreen" (Secale cereal L.), a new rye cultivar was developed by National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2013. It was developed from an open pollination from within 10 rye varieties or lines including "Chochun" in 1995. The line "SR95POP-S1-140-9-1-3-7-5-3" was selected for its excellent agronomic appearance, and was placed in yield trials for three years from 2008 to 2010. The new cultivar was designated "Homil50" and was placed in regional yield trials at the five locations around Korea from 2011 to 2013, during which time the name "Seedgreen" was given. This cultivar is an erect plant type and of a long size, with a dark-green leaf color, a yellowish-white colored, medium-diameter culm, and a brown-colored, medium-size grain. The heading and maturation dates of Seedgreen were April 22 and June 16, which were 3 days and 2 days earlier than that of "Gogu", respectively. Seedgreen also showed better winter hardiness and a greater resistance to lodging and wet injury compared to those of the check cultivar. Over three years, the average dry matter yield of Seedgreen was 8.3 ton $ha^{-1}$ (fresh yield = 39.8 ton $ha^{-1}$), which was harvested in late April and was lower than that of the check cultivar Gogu. The seed productivity of Seedgreen was approximately 4 ton $ha^{-1}$, which was 16 % more than that of the check. Seedgreen was higher to than Gogu in term of protein content (10.5% and 9.7%, respectively), total digestible nutrients (TDN) (58.3% and 57%, respectively), and TDN yield $ha^{-1}$ (4.81 ton and 4.77 ton, respectively). This cultivar is recommended as a fall sowing crop in areas where the average daily minimum-mean temperatures are higher than $-12^{\circ}C$ in January, and as a winter crop for whole-crop forage before the planting of rice or green manure around Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 1988

Data on egg number from time of first lay to 71 week of age were obtained from samples of single comb white leghorn breeder and brown layer breeder populations which were raised at manny breeding Co. These data were used to estimate the heritabilities of age at sexual maturity, early egg number, residual egg number and annual egg number. Also, the genetic correlation coefficients between these traits were estimated and selection efficiencies of each segment in early part record were estimated by use of the heritabilities and generic correlations. The estimated heritabilities and standard errors in two lines(W and B) were $0.30\pm0.07$ and $0.33\pm0.08$ at early records, $0.19\pm0.06$ and $0.18\pm$0.05 at residual records and $0.37\pm0.09$ and $0.49\pm0.10$ at time of first lay. Those at annual records were $0.24\pm0.06$ equally. The estimated correlation coefficients and standard errors between early record and annual record were $0.76\pm0.08$ and $0.77\pm0.07$. Those between early record and residual record were $0.46\pm0.15$ and $0.39\pm0.16$ respectively. At improving annual egg production per year, selection based on early part record(SM to 40 week of age) would be 69% more efficient than on annual record in line W and 80% more efficient than on annual record in line B. But, if it were considered that egg weight decreased due to sexual maturity and cost for data collection, use of selected segment from 35~40week of age in line W and from 31~40 week of age in line B would be desired in spite of a. small loss in relative selection efficiency. The generation interval would not be shortened.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.12-18
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• 2010

This study was carried out in order to propose a planning index for improved school forests in Gyeonggido. For the purpose of this study we selected 42 out of 75 school forests established during 2005 in Gyeonggido. All 42 school forests were surveyed and analyzed by frequency, cross tabulation, and group average analysis with SPSS 12.0 version. The present condition of the school forests was analyzed with in conjunction with items such as the surrounding environment, centralization, and locational characteristics as nominal points. Other items: trees, shrubs, pavement, fruit trees, transplantation, evergreen trees, and recreation facility content percentage were analyzed as a proportion point. After reviewing the literature and analyzing the present condition of school forests, we constructed a conceptual framework and formulated a hypothesis for this research. Data were obtained through a questionnaire, given to 98 students majoring in landscape architecture at Hankyong University in 2007. Results showed that the primary variables for tree health were soil compaction and the depth of soil filling. They were the most serious factors that deteriorate the health of trees. Based on the relationship between tree health and growing conditions, trees inside the school forest should be managed to provide more growing space and less abuse. The minimum area for trees inside the school forest for good growth conditions should be within the drip lines. We have found that the minimum percentage of tree content is 0.13, which means that more than 130 trees need to be planted over $1,000m^2$ green space. More than 3,580 shrubs need to be planted over $1,000m^2$ green space. The pavement area should be controlled to less than 19% of the total size of the school forest area. Finally, more than 39 trees out of 100 trees planted should be evergreen. The research results suggest that the construction planning index of Gyeonggido school forest be recommended in the planning and development process of the construction project carried out every year.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.86-93
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• 2018

This present study was conducted to develop the domestic cultivation kit using water celery(Oenanthe Stolonifera DC.) seed. As the result of germination rates in 3 type inbred lines, the IT 232354 had the highest initial germination rate and final germination rate, and was selected as the inbred line to be used in the cultivation kit. The development of the domestic cultivation kit was carried out using the IT 232354 seeds. It was possible to cultivate up to 3 times harvest using the same root in this cultivation kit, though the growth decreased rapidly in the $4^{th}$ cultivation. As a result of investigating the effects of the type of nutrient solution on growth of water celery, the overall growth was the lowest in the nutrient solution for Oenanthe Stolonifera DC.(N.S.D.). The shoot growth was similar to that of nutrient solution for leaves and stem vegetables (N.S.L.S.) and amino acid fermentation by-product liquid (A.F.B.L.), however in the root growth, the N.S.L.S. was more effective than A.F.B.L. When it was harvested 4 times consecutively after 1 time of planting, the last survival ratio of A.F.B.L. was 100% while their ratios were 96.4% and 49.8% each for N.S.L.S. and N.S.D. For the growth by cultivation kit type, the hole type cultivation kit increased slightly compared to the 3 hole type cultivation kit in the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ harvest, but there was no difference in the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ harvest. Total yield of one cultivation kits showed the 3 hole type cultivation kit is much higher than the 2 hole type cultivation kit. According to the results of this experiment, it is possible to harvest three times by planting one times if it was cultivated using N.S.L.S. and A.F.B.L. in the 3 hole type cultivation kit.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2007

The kinds and quantity of antimicrobial agents used for cattle (animal industry) may be considerable, suggesting the possibility that pathogenic bacteria which cannot be extirpated by the existing antimicrobial agents could appear. Ten cattle, pig and chicken farms, respectively, were randomly selected from 5 provinces in Korea and the samples were collected from excrement, manure, underground water, farmers' hands and the neishboring environment. h total of 299 samples were examined and 197 of Escherichia coli, 13 of Campylobacter jejun/coli, 223 of Enterococcus faecium/faecalis and 42 of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected. All isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance: 69.4% of E. coli (137/197 strains), 78.6% of S. aureus (33/42 strains), and 82.1% of E. faecium/faecalis (183/223 strains) were resistant to one antimicrobial agent and all of C. jejuni/coli Isolates showed the resistance to one antimicrobial agent. Meanwhile, the multiple resistance ratio for more than 4 lines of antimicrobial agent was 19.2% of E. coli (38/197 strains), 11.9% of S. aureus (5/42 strains), 15.4% of C. jejuni/coli (2/13 strains) and 6.2% of E. faecium/faecalis (14/223 strains). The antimicrobial resistance ratio of bacteria isolated from the cattle farm showed lower than that of bacteria isolated from the pig or chicken farm, which might be related to the quantify of antimicrobial agents consumed. And one strain of vancomycin resistant E..faecium (VREF) were isolated from the excrement of chicken and stream, respectively. Generally, the ratio of VREF collected in animal farm environments is lower than that of VREF collected in medical environment.