• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.203-208
• /
• 2007

The woody tissue respiration rates in stems ($R_{stem}$) of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) forest in Higashi-Hiroshima, west Japan, were measured using an open flow measurement system with several chambers in two seasons (the winter and summer in 2002). $R_{stem}$ ranged from 0.25 to $0.55{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in winter, and from 1.25 to $1.63{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in summer. The variability of $R_{stem}$ among the sampled trees (n=15) was similar between the two seasons, with the coefficient variation of about 23%. The numbers of sampling points required to estimate the stem respiration rate within 10 to 20% of its actual value were 24 and 6, respectively in both seasons (probability level is 95%). Based on the relationship between stem temperature and average $R_{stem}$ the $Q_{10}$ values of the winter and summer seasons were 1.49 and 1.45, respectively. The $R_{20}$($R_{stem}$ at $20^{\circ}C$ of stem temperature) was higher in summer ($1.23{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) than winter ($0.61{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). The woody tissue respiration in stems of red pine trees during the summer season amounted about 50% of the total respiration rates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.99 no.1
• /
• pp.62-67
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to develop local allometric biomass regression equations and to estimate aboveground biomass of red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands among three regions (Hadong, Hamyang, Sancheong) from the western regions of Gyeongnam province. We selected three natural red pine stands with similar stand ages (about 40-year-old) from each region. The allometric regression equations were significant in all tree components (P<0.05) and the determination of coefficient ($R^2$) ranged 0.87 from 0.99. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the biomass of tree components among three regions. The biomass was 173.3 Mg/ha in Hadong, 131.0 Mg/ha in Sancheong, and 66.5 Mg/ha in Hamyang. The proportion of biomass was 70.4-77.1% in stemwood, 10.9-15.2% in branch, 8.9-10.4% in stembark, and 3.1-4.4% in needle. The results indicated that red pine stands in the western Gyeongnam regions showed the significant difference of aboveground biomass which was attributed to site quality and stand density.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.95 no.4
• /
• pp.435-442
• /
• 2006

A total of 167 peculiar haplotypes confirmed from 28 cpSR variants that were observed in 19 populations of Japanese red pine in Korea through cpSSR marker analysis. Thirteen individuals that showed identical haplotype dispersed evenly in 10 populations, and the average number of effective haplotype within population was 13.37. Estimate of genetic diversity (He) was 0.987 on the basis of cpSSR haplotype variants that was equivalent to or higher than the estimates reported in other studies on some forest tree species. Estimation of genetic diversity (S.I.) on the basis of cpSSR variants composing each haplotype revealed the highest estimate of 1.109 for the population of Gangwon-Yeongwol and the lowest estimate of 0.411 for the population of Gyeongbuk Mungyeong with the average of 0.887. Most of observed cpSSR variants appeared to exist commonly in 19 populations (97.62%), and genetic differentiation of cpSSR variants among populations was turned out to be weak (${\Phi}_{ST}=0.024$). Relatively fast rate of mutation of cpSSR marker might be a major cause for such weak population differentiation. There was no identical haplotype shared between 39 population pairs of 173 pair-wise population pairs. Estimation of genetic distance among 19 populations on the basis of population pairs was also impossible, that might be resulted from restricted migration among 19 populations. Considering the observed distribution patterns of cpSSR variants in addition to the previous studies on I-SSR variants, informations on the present geographic location and genetic status of populations should be considered together for effective sustainable management of the genetic resources of Japanese red pine in Korea.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.6-14
• /
• 2018

This study was carried out with respect to the heat release rate (HRR) properties of building wood. Heat release characteristics were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) with four kinds of wood. The time to ignition measured after the combustion in $25kW/m^2$ external heat flux was 35 to 55 s. Time to ignition of both lauan and red pine was marked with the most delayed value in each of 54 s, 55 s. The maximum heat release rate ($HRR_{peak}$) was $156.87{\sim}235.1kW/m^2$, and the risk of early fire was highest in spruce. Total heat release of red pine was obtained in the highest value with $114.2MJ/m^2$. The mean effective heat of combustion of Japanese cedar was 19.1 MJ/kg and the highest among the samples. Fire risk of wood by FPI was orderly increased from lauan ($0.2468s{\cdot}m^2/kW$), red pine ($0.2339s{\cdot}m^2/kW$), spruce ($0.2308s{\cdot}m^2/kW$) to Japanese cedar ($0.2231s{\cdot}m^2/kW$). Fire risk of wood by FGI get increased from lauan ($0.5088kW/m^2{\cdot}s$), red pine ($0.5111kW/m^2{\cdot}s$), Japanese cedar ($2.8522kW/m^2{\cdot}s$) to spruce ($3.0662kW/m^2{\cdot}s$). Therefore, the risk of fire on the heat release characteristics of woods were found that spruce and Japanese cedar showed the high value compared with the other specimens.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.106 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2017

Forest harvest as large scale artificial disturbance makes edge environment in both clear-cutted and forested habitat. To clarify the development and recovery process of forest edge after disturbances is essential to understand vegetation responses and landscape level consequences such as edge-distance. In Korea, after clear-cutting, edge-related changes of environment and vegetation was not clarified yet. In Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest, by applying space-for-time approach (sites with undisturbed and 1, 3, 10, 16 yr after cutting), the edge-related change of plant abundance and abiotic factors were determined for 20 line-transect (60 m) and 340 ($1m{\times}5m$) quadrats, and clarified depth and duration of the disturbance. Immediately after edge formation, within 15m form the edge, biotic and abiotic factors such as cover, richness, canopy openness, temperature and moisture content exhibited larger changes compared to forest interior. Plant abundance and abiotic variables were stabilized at the level of forest inside within 16 yr and 10 yr after edge creation, respectively. Woody (tree and shrub) species generally was showed larger increment with proximity to edge than did herb or graminoid species. In addition, negative interactions between woody and herbaceous species were detected during the period of forest edge closure. Our results suggested that depth of forest edge formed by clear-cutting of Korean red pine forest was at least from 15 m to 20 m and edge effect were likely sustained more than 16 years. As the first empirical study on edge-distance between two contrast habitats of clear-cutted and adjacent forest in South Korea, the analytical reality on landscape structure and habitat patches can be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.66-73
• /
• 2004

Three species of Italian poplar (Populus euramericana), red pine (Pinus densiflora) and oriental oak (Quercus variabilis) were selected for this study. They were cut so that the distances between each of tips and roots for a pair of fingers were 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mm. Poly vinyl acetate (PVAc) and resorcinol-phenol resin (RPR) were used for finger-jointing. Compressive test parallel to the grain was conducted for the finger-jointed specimens. The results were as follows: The efficiency of compressive Young's modulus of finger-jointed timber to solid wood indicated low values, whereas the efficiency of compressive strength indicated high values of more than 90% in all species, especially, it was found that those of red pine indicated markedly high values of more than 97%. The efficiency of compressive displacement of Italian poplar finger-jointed timber was 2 times higher than solid wood, and it was 1.2 and 1.3 times higher than solid woods in red pine and oriental oak, respectively. Also, it was found that 0, the distance between each tip and root for the fingers, indicated the highest efficiency of compressive strength performance in Italian poplar finger-jointed timber, and for red pine and oriental oak finger-jointed timbers, the distances of 0.15 and 0.30 were found to indicate the highest efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.111 no.2
• /
• pp.234-241
• /
• 2022

We performed this study to determine the foliar nutrient concentration and the nutrient stocks of restoration areas and adjacent Pinus densiflora S. et. Z. (red pine) stands in opencast kaolinite mines in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, southern Korea. We chose six sites to determine foliage nutrient concentrations and the nutrient stocks of soils (0-10 cm depth). The dominant vegetation planted in restoration areas comprised Quercus acutissima Carruth., P. koraiensis S. et. Z., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., and Lespedeza cuneata G. Don. Invading vegetation in the restoration areas comprised Alnus incana (L.) Medik., Robinia pseudoacacia L., and Lespedeza spp., among others. The carbon and nitrogen stocks at 10 cm soil depth were significantly higher in the red pine stands than those in the restoration areas, whereas those of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium were not significantly different between the two areas. However, calcium stocks were significantly higher in the restoration areas than in the red pine stands. Nitrogen concentration in foliage was higher in L. cuneata (20.28 mg N g^-1) than that in F. arundinacea (5.67 mg N g^-1), whereas potassium concentration was twice as high in F. arundinacea (18.8 mg K g^-1) as that in L. cuneata (9.07 mg K g^-1). Foliar nitrogen concentrations in invasive vegetation such as A. incana, R. pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza spp. were twice or four times higher than those of Q. acutissima and P. koraiensis. Our results indicate the development of suitable vegetation and soil amendment treatments to improve poor soil environmental conditions in restoration areas are necessary following opencast kaolinite mining.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.389-395
• /
• 2006

The use of pine bark, a natural adsorbent prepared from Korean Red Pine (Pinus densifloral), was studied for its adsorption behavior of lead ion from aqueous solution. Adsorption experiments were carried out on lead ion concentrations of 10mg/L. Adsorption of lead ion could be described by both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Treatment of the bark with nitric acid greatly increased initial adsorption rate, and equilibrium sorption capacity increased by approximately 48%. A pseudo second-order kinetic model fitted well for the kinetic behavior of lead ion adsorption onto the bark. Acid-treated bark demonstrated its adsorption capacity quite close to that of granular activated carbon. Results of this study indicated that ion exchange and chelation were involved in the adsorption process.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.593-602
• /
• 2006

Species composition, spatial distribution of major species, diameter and height classes distribution, and species diversity were .analyzed in the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora, hereafter referred as pine) forest in the permanent quadrats, which were designed for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). Collected data were compared with those from the other areas including urban center (Mt. Inwang and Hongneung) and boundary areas (Mts. Acha, Bukhan, Bulam, Cheonggye, Daemo, and Surak), and natural areas (Mts. Seolak, Songni, and Wolak) to clarify the ecological characteristics of pine forest on Mt. Nam. Species composition of pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a similarity with those of urban center but did a little and big differences with those on urban boundary and natural areas, respectively. Such differences that pine forest on Mt. Nam showed, were usually due to Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Ailanthus altissima, Ageratina altissima and so on, which showed higher coverage there. Predicted from diameter and height classes distribution of tree species, pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a possibility to be replaced by a S. japonica. Considered that this replacer species is not only a sub-tree but also shade intolerant, such successional trend could be interpreted as a sort of retrogressive succession. Those on urban boundary and natural areas showed a difference by displaying probabilities to be maintained as themselves as an edaphic climax or succeeded to oak forests. Species diversity of pine forest on Mt. Nam was lower than those in urban boundary and natural areas due to excessive dominance of several species, which led to different species composition from the other areas. Plants, which produced the differences, were species that flourishes in the polluted industrial area (S. japonica and S. alnifolia), favors the disturbed site (O. undulatifolius), and exotic species (A. altissima and Eupatorium rugosum). Those results reflects that pine forest of Mt. Nam was exposed on severe environmental pollution and excessive human interferences.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.1144-1149
• /
• 2011

The occurrence of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) advance growth has been noticed in the deciduous oak forest being adjacent to the mature Korean pine plantation. the korean pine seedlings in the forest were regenerated naturally from harvested and transported Korean pine seeds and cones by rodents, mainly red squirrels. Mongolian oak (Quercus bariabilis), which formed dominant overstory, had close-to-normal distributions of height, diameter and age classes. Korean pine, which dominated the understory, had the reverse J-shaped height, diameter and age distributions that are expected of a shade tolerant species. Growing in the summer shade of the oak, Korean pine seedling had slow, but steady height growth during the past four decades. Total biomass of Korean pine seedling ranged from $2,835-8,541kg\;ha^{-1}$ and biomass allocation of Korean pine seedling was follows : stem (with bark) > foliage > branches > roots. Korean pine seedlings allocated more biomass to foliage and branches compare to planted Korean pine. The smaller root/shoot ratio of Korean pine seedling in the site is to believed to be result of competition for light. Contents of N and K for Korean pine seedling were greatest in foliage follow by branches, stem ad roots, while content of P was greater in the order of foliage > roots > stem > branches.