Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/KIFSE.2018.32.5.006

A Study on the Heat Hazard Assessment of Building Wood  

Woo, Tae-Young (Mirae Equipment Eng. Co. Ltd.)
Jin, Eui (Fire & Disaster Prevention Research Center, Kangwon National University)
Chung, Yeong-Jin (Dept. of Fire Protection Engineering, Kangwon National University)
Publication Information
Fire Science and Engineering / v.32, no.5, 2018 , pp. 6-14 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was carried out with respect to the heat release rate (HRR) properties of building wood. Heat release characteristics were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) with four kinds of wood. The time to ignition measured after the combustion in $25kW/m^2$ external heat flux was 35 to 55 s. Time to ignition of both lauan and red pine was marked with the most delayed value in each of 54 s, 55 s. The maximum heat release rate ($HRR_{peak}$) was $156.87{\sim}235.1kW/m^2$, and the risk of early fire was highest in spruce. Total heat release of red pine was obtained in the highest value with $114.2MJ/m^2$. The mean effective heat of combustion of Japanese cedar was 19.1 MJ/kg and the highest among the samples. Fire risk of wood by FPI was orderly increased from lauan ($0.2468s{\cdot}m^2/kW$), red pine ($0.2339s{\cdot}m^2/kW$), spruce ($0.2308s{\cdot}m^2/kW$) to Japanese cedar ($0.2231s{\cdot}m^2/kW$). Fire risk of wood by FGI get increased from lauan ($0.5088kW/m^2{\cdot}s$), red pine ($0.5111kW/m^2{\cdot}s$), Japanese cedar ($2.8522kW/m^2{\cdot}s$) to spruce ($3.0662kW/m^2{\cdot}s$). Therefore, the risk of fire on the heat release characteristics of woods were found that spruce and Japanese cedar showed the high value compared with the other specimens.
Keywords
Fire risk assesment; Heat release rate (HRR); Total heat release (THR); Fire performance index (FPI); Fire growth index (FGI);
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 B. M. Suleiman, J. Larfeldt, B. Leckner and M. Gustavsson, "Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity of Wood", Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 465-473 (1999).   DOI
2 P. S. Ngohe-Ekam, P. Meukam, G. Menguy and P. Girard, "Thermophysical Characterization of Tropical Wood used as Building Materials: With respect to the Basal Density", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 929-938 (2006).   DOI
3 R. Bilbao, J. F. Mastral, M. E. Aldea, J. Ceamanos, M. Betran and J. A. Lana, "Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Ignition and Smoldering of Wood including Convective Effects", Combustion and Flame, Vol. 126, No. 1-2, pp. 1363-1372 (2001).   DOI
4 M. Gao, K. Zhu, Y. J. Sun and C. Sun, "Thermal Degradation of Wood treated with Amino Resins and Amino Resins modified with Phosphate in Nitrogen", Journal of Fire Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 505-515 (2004).   DOI
5 M. Gao, C. Y. Sun and K. Zhu, "Thermal Degradation of Wood treated with Guanidine Compounds in Air : Flammability Study", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 221-232 (2004).   DOI
6 J. B. Carle and J. L. Brown, "Wood as a Source of Solid Fuel", ed. G. S. Watt, A Review, New Zealand Forest Service, Auckland, NZ (1976).
7 A. Naumann, H. Seefeldt, I. Stephan, U. Braun and M. Knoll, "Material Resistance of Flame Retarded Wood-Plastic Composites against Fire and Fungal Decay", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 97, No. 7, pp. 1189-1196 (2012).   DOI
8 M. J. Spearpoint and J. G. Quintiere, "Predicting the Piloted Ignition of Wood in the Cone Calorimeter using an Integral Model: Effect of Species, Grain Orientation and Heat Flux", Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 391-415 (2001).   DOI
9 N. Boonmee and J. G. Quintiere, "Glowing Ignition of Wood: the on Set of Surface Combustion", Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 30, pp. 2303-2310 (2005).   DOI
10 W. K. Smith and J. B. King, "Surface Temperatures of Materials during Radiant Heating to Ignition", Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol. 1, pp. 272-288 (1970).
11 J. Martinka, T. Chrebet and K. Balog, "A Fire Risk Assessment for Bio Ethyl Tert-Butyl Ether (ETBE)", Procedia Engineering, Vol. 69, pp. 616-621 (2014).   DOI
12 E. Mikkola, "Charring of Wood, VTT Research Report 689", VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland (1990).
13 P. Zhao, C. Guo and L. Li, "Exploring the Effect of Melamine Pyrophosphate and Aluminum Hypophosphite on Flame Retardant Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 170, pp. 193-199 (2018).   DOI
14 J. Jiang, J. Z. Li, J. Hu and D. Fan, "Effect of Nitrogen Phosphorus Flame Retardants on Thermal Degradation of Wood", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 2633-2637 (2010).   DOI
15 T. Jiang, X. Feng, Q. Wang, Z. Xiao, F. Wang and Y. Xie, "Fire Performance of Oak modified with N-methylol Resin and Methylolated Guanylurea Phosphate/Boric Acid-based Fire Retardant", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 72, pp. 1-6 (2014).   DOI
16 C. A. Giudicea, P. V. Alfierib and G. Canosa, "Siloxanes Synthesized 'in situ' by Sol-Gel Process for Fire Control in Wood of Araucaria Angustifolia", Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 61, pp. 348-354 (2013).   DOI
17 K. L. Friquin, "Material Properties and External Factors influencing the Charring Rate of Solid Wood and Glue-Laminated Timber", Fire and Materials, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 303-327 (2011).   DOI
18 ISO 5660-1, "Reaction-to-Fire Tests-Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate-Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method) and Smoke Production Rate (Dynamic Measurement)", Genever, Switzerland (2015).
19 U. S. Forest Service (USFS) "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material", U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA (1999).
20 T. Y. Woo, "A Study on the Fire Risk Assessment of Building Wood", Ph.D. Dissertation, Kangwon University, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea (2017).
21 J. G. Quintire, Principles of Fire Behavior, Chap. 5, Cengage Learning, Delmar, U.S.A. (1998).
22 M. Risholm-Sundman, M. Lundgren, E. Vestine and P. Herder, "Emission of Acetic Acid and Other Volatile Organic Compounds from Different Species of Solid Wood", Holz als Rohund Werkstoff, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 125-129 (1998).   DOI
23 Y. J. Chung, "Combustion Characteristics of the Pinus Rigida and Castanea Sativa Using Cone Calorimeter", Journal of Korean Forest Society, Vol. 98, No. 3, pp. 319-323 (2009).
24 Y. Chung, "Comparison of Combustion Properties of Native Wood Species used for Fire Pots in Korea", Journal of Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 15-19 (2010).   DOI
25 B. H. Lee, H. S. Kim, S. Kim, H. J. Kim, B. Lee, Y. Deng, Q. Feng and J. Luo, "Evaluating the Flammability of Wood-based Panels and Gypsum Particleboard using a Cone Calorimeter", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 3044-3050 (2011).   DOI
26 F. M. Pearce, Y. P. Khanna and D. Raucher, "Thermal Analysis in Polymer Flammability, Chap. 8. In : Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials", Academic Press, New York, USA (1981).
27 Y. J. Chung, "Combustion Characterics of the Quercus Varialis and Zelkova Serrata dried at Room Temperature", Journal of Korean Forest Society, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 96-101 (2010).
28 J. D. Dehaan, "Kirks's Fire Investigation", Fifth Ed., pp. 84-112, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA (2002).
29 B. Wang, Q. Tang, N. Hong, L. Song, L. Wang, Y. Shi and Y. Hu, Y. Hu, "Effect of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate on the Flame Retardancy, Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Ethylenevinyl Acetate Copolymer/ Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate/ Polyamide-6 Blends", ACS Applied Material and Interfaces, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 3754-3761 (2011).   DOI
30 L. Liu, J. Hu, J. Zhuo, C. Jiao, X. Chen and S. Li, "Synergistic Flame Retardant Effects between Hollow Glass Microspheres and Magnesium Hydroxide in Ethylene-Vinyl Aacetate Composits", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 104, pp. 87-94 (2014).   DOI
31 S. Fang, Y. Hu, L. Song, J. Zhan and Q. He, "Mechanical Properties, Fire Performance and Thermal Stability of Magnesium Hydroxide Sulfate Hydrate Whiskers Flame Retardant Silicone Rubber", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 1057-1062 (2008).   DOI