• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 1980

In order to take cue of the dying persons and their survivors in a more positive and affirmative atti-tube. and to understand the valuable meaning of and dying. a survey was performed to 550 cases of health care personnels including 116 nursing students. 238 medical students. 137 nurses. and 59 doctors. Samplings were made through census Procedure from the entire group of medical and nursing students in College of Medicine. Chung-Ang University. and of licenced nurses and doctors in Chung-Ang University Hospital. and in Han-Gang Sacred Heart Hospital from the first to the end of march. 1980. These collected data were computerized at KIST by SPSS programming and were statistically analyzed by chi-square test. Through content analysis of the word associated with death and descriptive analysis of the death-re-lated variables. the following conclusion in is reached. First. Total numbers of death-word percieved by health care personnels were 198 kinds. Among them, 40 kinds of words associated with death were responded from than 1% of the total. As to the 10 death related word responded by free word association method. it was revealed that individual average number of death related word was 7.70 word. which came from higher number of words in the senior students (8.96 word) or the graduates (8.10 word) compared with the freshman (6.84 word). Second. In Content specific analysis of the death related word. more frequently perceived types summarized as the following order; the affective context of death. the diseases. the disasters. the religion, the funeral ceremonies. the separation, the drakness. and the life. Third. The most prevalent 10 words associated with death which the the respondents gave response to the the first recalling word. were as following o order； the dieases. the sadness, the vanity. the darkness, the frustration. the suicide. the incurable dieases, the graves. the dead. and the catastrophes. By sex, the diease is outstanding in females, but the vanity is in males. By occupation. the vanity and the dead was frequently observed in student group including senior students. while the incurable dieases presented by doctors. Fourth. In health care personnels. the first perceived ages of death were 11.47 $\pm$3.33 years (8.14- 15.80 years). Among them. senior students were inclined to percept death at the earliest age of life (11.28years). while doctors and nurses perceived death later in their life (12.98 years). Fifth, It is revealed in this survey that the most frequently responded death perceiving motives by health care personnels ar“psychological conflict”and“death of those around them”. Death perceiving motives can be classified in two factors; personality and life circumstances. Sixth It is of interest that only 11.3% health care personnels was found to feel death as inevitable or acceptable event. whereas 58.3% deny or reject it.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.56-83
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide basic materials needed to enhance quality of organizational life by identifying the improvements of labor union management in the perspective of general hospital organization management. The subject of this study were 686 employees in 12 General Hospitals in Metro Capital including Seoul. Materials were collected from administrators, nurses and medical technicians in target hospitals from March 20 to May 10, 2005 through survey questionnaires. The main results of this study were as follows: 1. the commitment level of the subjects according to their characteristics was higher in older employees than the younger ones, large family to support than small family to support and those who had higher positions in labor union. 2. The commitment level of the subjects according to the job and role related variables were higher those who had higher satisfaction level to their job and manager, role conflict in all hospitals. 3. The commitment level of the subjects according to union related variables, variables jointly controlled by union and employer was satistically significant positive correlation. In other words, the commitment level of the subjects according to the subjects' labor union involvement was higher in those who had higher satisfaction in labor union and perceived their colleagues' attitudes more positively in all hospitals. Regarding the atmosphere of the relationship between union and employer and the level of commitment in labor union, the better the atmosphere of the relationship between union and employer was, the higher the level of commitment in labor union was in all hospitals. 4. The results of multiple regression analysis shows that formal and informal socialization, union participation to the union management cooperation program, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the labor union's were all found as important antecedents of labor union commitment. 5. Job and role-related variables, union-related variables, variables jointly controlled by union and employer, and labor union commitment level were all found significantly different in accordance with the characteristics of unions concerned. To summarize study results, the level of commitment in labor union depends on job satisfaction, manager's attitudes, satisfaction to their jobs, union satisfaction, their colleagues attitudes toward union and the atmosphere of employer-employee relationship. Therefore hospital managers should have democratic and flexible attitudes toward labor union. Additionally, as formal and informal socialization, union participation to the union-management cooperation program is important determinant in union commitment, hospital managers should have countermeasures to enhance the colleague attitude and job satisfaction level of hospital employees. Since this study deals with psychological nature of workers not a few drawbacks and shortcomings may be detected in the finding. Nevertheless, the finding of this study, to become a momentum that will stimulate further research to detect all the cues of labor union commitment and to provide valuable reference in forming logical union commitment and labor union-management cooperation.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-86
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• 2004

This study selected emergency medical technicians at 24 fire police boxes in Jeonnam in order to examine the relationship between job stress, fatigue and job satisfaction of 119 emergency medical technicians. Data were collected from Apr. 10 to May 9, 2004, questionnaires were mailed and returned by mail. Total 109 questionnaires were distributed and 89 questionnaires were collected and 80 except 9 omitting answers and showing inappropriate answers were used for final analysis. The results of this study are as follows. A. The total mean of areas composing job stress in the degree of job stress of 119 emergency medical technicians was over the average as 2.54 (SD .44) of 4 full marks. According to the degree of job stress by each area, the highest area of job stress was crisis situation (2.98), followed by role conflict as professional job (2.58), social factors (2.57), involvement in organization (2.55). To the contrary, the areas of the lowest job stress were professional knowledge and technique (2.35), psychological burden of medical limitation (2.38), conflicts in personal relationship and services (2.45) and improper treatment (2.53). B. The degree of fatigue of 119 emergency medical technicians by areas was over mean as 2.09(SD .49) of 4 full scores and physical fatigue was highest (2.18), followed by mental fatigue (2.11) and neurosensory fatigue (1.99). C. The degree of job satisfaction of 119 emergency medical technicians was 2.71 of 5 full scores and working condition area (3.70) showed the highest job satisfaction, followed by requirement of organization (2.85) and the lowest job satisfaction area was job itself (2.18), followed by desire for job (2.49). D. According to differences in demographical characteristics of 119 emergency medical technicians, there was no variable of statistical difference at job stress and job satisfaction in significance level .05, but fatigue showed statistical difference at final education (F=2.393, p=.046). E. According to differences related to job characteristics of 119 emergency medical technicians, job stress showed statistical differences at motif of current services (F=4.935, p=.003), fatigue showed those at health conditions (F=2.732, p=.008), job satisfaction at overtime (F=3.038, p.034) and the greatest reason of having job (F=3.217, p=.017), F. As a result of analyzing correlations between job stress. fatigue and job satisfaction of the subject, job stress showed positive correlations (r=.411, p=.000) with fatigue and negative correlation (r=-.267, p=.008) with job satisfaction. Fatigue showed negative correlation (r=-.287, p=.005) with job satisfaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study. "There will be relationship between degree of stress, fatigue and job satisfaction of subjects." was supported.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3341-3355
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• 2016

Background: A recent WHO data report on mortality attributable to tobacco use including cigarette smoking indicated a very high burden of deaths in Asia and that people often initiate smoking as early as young adolescents. The objectives of this study were to systematically review peer-reviewed articles on cigarette smoking initiation among Asian adolescents and to develop a conceptual model of factors influencing smoking initiation by integrating all relevant factors based on existing data. Materials and Methods: Following a PRISMA guideline, a systematic review of articles published between 2005 and June 2015 was conducted using 5 databases on cigarette smoking initiation among adolescents (aged 10-19 years) living in Asia. We summarized the main findings of each study according to our research questions and data that emerged during the data extraction process. Analysis and categorization were based on the TTI and TPB models and classification of factors extracted from the study, were as follows: personal factors, social factors, broader environmental factors, mediators, and intention to initiate smoking and smoking behavior. Results: Of 1,227 identified studies, only 20 were included in this review. Our findings found that the mean age of cigarette smoking initiation ranged from 10 to 14 years and those who are more likely to initiate smoking are male, older adolescents, adolescents with low parental SES, individuals with low parental monitoring, low parental education level and having no discussion on smoking at home, those living in public housing and those exhibiting health-risk behavior. Our study also revealed that the risk of smoking initiation increased when they are exposed to smokers, influenced by peers, exposed to tobacco advertisements, receive pocket money, have lack of knowledge about smoking, have poor school performance, have a family conflict and have psychological problems. The conceptual model developed demonstrated complex networks of factors influencing initiation. Conclusions: This systematic review presents various factors influencing smoking initiation of the Asian adolescents and provides a conceptual framework to further analyze factors. Future studies should have a standard measure of smoking initiation, should analyze interactions and the intensity of relationships between different factors or variables in the conceptual model. This will in turn consolidate the understanding of the different factors affecting smoking initiation and will help to improve interventions in this area.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2020

In this paper, I studied the relation between narrative construction (especially focusing on motif) and humor mechanism based on binge watching environment. Several motif theories such as B. Tomachevski, Horst and Ingrid Dämmrich and S. Chatman are used as a basic study method in chapter II. In popular sitcom , sometimes kernels(according to S. Chatman's term) in certain season's story are changed into satellites(according to S. Chatman's term) in other season's stories. The motif of Ross and Rachel's conflict is a representative example for this switching process. Especially on binge watching environment, as the interval length is much more shortened, viewers tend to reflect their own emotional memory into characters less strongly than segment watching environment. As a result, the possibility 'heavy' stories such as seperation are quickly changed into 'light' humorous matters is increased. This kind of hierarchy variation of repeated motif make the viewers laugh, because they can feel sudden liberating energy by eliminating psychological pressure. It means the characteristics of sitcom's humor on binge watching environment can also be explained by the theory of 'laugh as a eliminating tension', which I. Kant representatively said.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.60-73
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to describe a total pain model in patients with terminal cancer and to identify factors relating to total pain using the Twycross Pain Management Model, which included physical, psycho-social and spiritual pain. Method : The study was a retrospective descriptive study. The first stage included 87 patients who received hospice service at Y hospital in 1997. The second stage included five model patients who suffer severe pain as selected by the four hospice nurses. Data collection was from 1) chart analysis and 2) in-depth interviews with the hospice nurses about their selected patients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-WIN and content analysis. Result : 1) The main problems of 3 patient with terminal cancer were pain(77%), constipation (25.3%), family coping(35.6%), psycho-spiritual distress(17.2%)and other symptoms. 2. The Twycross model was a useful model. However, new items were added; loneliness, depression, and no improvement in condition as depression factors. In anger, new items were anger due to family neglect, at God and in relationships. The case studies identified the followsing; 1) Patient suffer from physical pain as well as multiple other symptoms when cancer is advanced. 2) Body concept, role change, threat to self concept, fear of pain, fear of death, anxiety, family conflict, financial burden, spiritual distress, hope for a cure, are all affected. Conclusion : 1) It is believed that the Twycross model is useful but further tests and revisions are necessary for deciding priorities in the care plan. 2) Pain management must improve culturally appropriate and family support, psychological, spiritual care are imperative for patient with terminal cancer. 3) Further study is recommended to test correlations of depression, anxiety, spiritual distress and family coping using valid instruments. A qualitative study on the spiritual journey of the patient with terminal cancer is also recommended.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.191-219
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• 2014

The major purpose of this study was to explore care giving experiences of mothers, who have their children with borderline intellectual functioning disorder. The core analytical strategy was to find out the essential meaning of caring their children. For this purpose, eight mothers were participated in depth interview, which conducted during October, 2011 through July 2012. The face-to-face interview repeated two or three times based on phenomenological perspective. The interview suggested two major findings: changing mother's view from raising retarded children to caregiving a child with growing-up substantially slow speed; the essence of nurturing experiences for mothers, whose children have borderline intellectual functioning, was to watching with attention rather than advocating ownership. This result can be also found in Barshow's concept of 'watching' rather than 'possession', which is suggested by Tennyson. However, the essential meaning of this concept was associated with 'watching with care', which was originated form Goethe's notion of 'existence'. Mother's of children with borderline intellectual functioning have reached a point of view: when creating a parent-child relationship, it was essential that the child was not 'my child', but was 'a child' per se. This type of parent-child relationship was a result of giving up a desire that the child raised within mother's boundary. It was also a result of psychological warfare and conflict in mother's mind. To internalized this view, it is recommended that the mothers implement the following three perspectives: first, the mothers put down overly-pushed motive toward their children; second, they enhance their level of understanding toward their child; third, it is necessary that the mothers build a new sense of existence through matching their level of concern with their children.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.254-270
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• 2009

As consumers are becoming more conscious about food safety and high quality standards, they are getting more interested in influencing the food policy-making process. Triggered by FTA (Free Trade Agreement) ratification between the Republic of Korea and the U.S. in 2008, a sharp conflict was created in importing U.S. beef between the government of Republic of Korea and its people. Food selection is known as a complex mental process of consumers, which incorporates social and cultural values, personal tastes, and other psychological factors. This study utilized the concept of antinomy which was signified by Immanuel Kant in his thesis. The concept of antinomy indicates a contradiction between conclusions which seem equally logical, reasonable or necessary. This study is designed to investigate the changes in the amount of beef consumption among Korean consumers after the Republic of Korea resumed U.S. beef imports and the impact of a consumer's trust in the U.S. on his/her antinomic acceptance. Also, it examined the effects of antinomic acceptance and whether a consumer is a potential restaurateur or a general consumer on the changes in the amount of beef consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 1992

The author compared the follow-up study in 1991 with the previous study conducted in 1986 as same method and sample population selected from same schools as the previous study. Twenty classes of 3rd and 4th grade of two elementary schools in Seoul were selected as sample population. One of the two schools was located in the area of lower social class, and the other in the area of higher social class. The total sample was 1.142 in 1986 and 1,048 in 1991. According to the severity and the frequency of being battered among the sampled ones during the last one year. three groups were purposefully identified : The unbattered the intermediate and the seriously battered. The seriously battered was defined as the severity of battering more serious than N degree owing to Straus' Conflict Resolution Technique Scale with the frequency of 12 or more episodes for one year. The rest of being battered were classified into the intermediate group. Surprisingly the incidence rate of the seriously battered, was increased about 3 times more than previous study. Except incidence rate, the results were same or similar as previous one. The experience of being battered was more serious as previous study in the lower social strata, under the poor living and housing condition, in the broken family such as step parents or absence of parents and with the parent of unemployed. Also the child battering was evaluated to be closely related to all the other forms of family violence. And psychosomatic. psychological and behavioral manifestations were markedly serious in the seriously battered group. The drastic increase of incidence rate of battered child should be analyzed in various aspects : one of them might be derived from the improvement of social recognition and understanding toward the battered child.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.222-237
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop an ACT group counseling program for the purpose of alleviating and healing the job stress and burnout of nursing care workers and to verify the effectiveness of the ACT group counseling program. To this end, the goal and theoretical model, content, operation and evaluation of the program were composed and applied according to the procedure. The main research results are as follows. First, as a result of measuring the job stress of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Second, as a result of measuring the level of job burnout of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Third, as a result of measuring the level of role conflict of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Fourth, as a result of measuring the level of over-role of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Fifth, as a result of measuring the level of role ambiguity of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. As a practical implication, by including the ACT theory and practice plan in various nursing care providers training courses, the ability to respond to job burnout and job stress is increased, and ultimately, by increasing the psychological flexibility of nursing care workers, the opportunity for essential change in attitude toward work and life describe what to provide.