• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.553-563
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• 2016

Land evaporation contribution to precipitation over East Asia is studied to understand terrestrial moisture source of continental precipitation. Moisture recycling of precipitation relying on terrestrial evaporation is estimated based on the analysis method of Van der Ent et al. (2010). We utilize HadGEM2-AO simulations for the period of 1970~1999 and 2070~2099 from RCP8.5. Globally, 46% of terrestrial precipitation is depending from continental evaporation. 58% of terrestrial evaporation returns as continental precipitation. Over East Asia, precipitation has been affected by local evaporation and transported moisture. The advection of upwind continental evaporation results from the prevailing westerlies from the midwestern of Eurasian continent. For the present-day period, about 66% of the precipitation over the land of East Asia originates from land evaporation. Regionally, the ratios change and the ratios of precipitation terrestrial origin over the Northern inland and Southern coast of East Asia are 82% and 48%, respectively. Seasonally, the continental moisture recycling ratio is larger during summer (JJA) than winter (DJF). According to RCP8.5, moisture recycling ratio is expected to change. At the end of the 21st century, the impact of continental moisture sources for precipitation over East Asia is projected to be reduced by about 5% compared to at the end of 20th century. To understand the future changes, moisture residence time change is investigated using depletion and replenishment time.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.712-717
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• 2002

New wet chemical method so called precipitation-evaporation method was suggested for preparing spinel structure lithium manganese oxide ($LiMn_2$$O_4$) for Li ion secondary battery. Using precipitation-evaporation method, $LiMn_2$$O_4$ cathode materials suitable for Li ion secondary batteries can be synthesized. Single spinel phase $LiMn_2$$O_4$ powder was synthesized at lower temperature compared to that of prepared by solid-state method. $LiMn_2$$O_4$ powder prepared by precipitation-evaporation method showed uniform, small size and well defined crystallinity particles. Li ion secondary battery using $LiMn_2$$O_4$ as cathode materials prepared by precipitation-evaporation method and calcined at $800^{\circ}C$ showed discharge capacity of 106.03mAh/g and discharge capacity of 95.60mAh/g at 10th cycle. Although Li ion secondary battery showed somewhat smaller initial capacity but good cyclic ability. It is suggested that electro-chemical properties can be improved by controlling particle characteristics by particle morphology modification during calcination and optimizing Li ion secondary battery assembly conditions.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2003

Temporal and spatial variability of precipitation (P), evaporation (E), and moisture balance (P-E; precipitation minus evaporation) has been investigated over the tropical ocean during the period from January 1998 to July 2001. Our data were analyzed by the EOF method using the satellite P and E observations made by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). This analysis has been performed for two three-year periods as follow; The first period which includes the El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o in early 1998 ranges from January 1998 to December 2000, and the second period which includes the La Ni${\tilde{n}}$o events in the early 1999 and 2000 (without El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o) ranges from August 1998 to July 2001. The areas of maxima and high variability in the precipitation and in the P-E were displaced from the tropical western Pacific and the ITCZ during the La Ni${\tilde{n}}$o to the tropical middle Pacific during the El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o, consistent with those in previous P studies. Their variations near the Korean Peninsula seem to exhibit a weakly positive correlation with that in the tropical Pacific during the El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o. The evaporation, out of phase with the precipitation, was reduced in the tropical western Pacific due to humid condition in boreal summer, but intensified in the Kuroshio and Gulf currents due to windy condition in winter. The P-E variability was determined mainly by the precipitation of which the variability was more localized but higher by 2-3 times than that of evaporation. Except for the ITCZ (0-10$^{\circ}$N), evaporation was found to dominate precipitation by ${\sim}$2 mm/day over the tropical Pacific. Annual and seasonal variations of P, E, and P-E were discussed.

• Water for future
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.44-48
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• 1972

This article includes hydrometeorological analysis of evapotranspiration and precipitation, which are used available basic data for a certain basin water budget. Evapotranspiration on water surface, bare soil and rice fields is directly measured by Thornthwaite's type Lysimeter and on water surface and vegetables computed using the Penman's equation. Areal precipitation is analized through the Thiessen method and arithmatic mean method. It is interested fact that the correlation coefficient for Class A Pan's evaporation vs. the actual evapotranspiration is the highest value among the coefficients for different type evaporimeter and Penman equation, and evaporation ratio on rice field's evapotranspiration vs. Class A Pan's evaporation is 1. 5-2. 3.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2004

Spinel structured lithium managanese oxide $(LiMn_2O_4)$ powder with well defined facetted morphology was prepared by precipitation-evaporation method. {111}, {110}, and {100} planes are mainly observed in the $LiMn_2O_4$ powder. And powder shape of tetradecahedron and octahedron was observed depending on the calcinations temperature. The observed powder morphology observed seemed to be related to the nonstoichiometry of the oxygen in the $LiMn_2O_4$ spinel structure. Oxygen nonstoichiometry might be responsible for the Jahn-teller effect and structure transition which in turn affects the surface energy of the {111}, {110}, and {100} planes. Powder shape transition from tetradecahedron to octahedron seemed to be related to the surface energy of the {111}, {110}, and {100} planes with oxygen nonstoichiometry.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.73-79
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• 1997

This research was intended as an investigation of applying Reduced Pressure Evaporation as efficient treatment method for landfill leachate. According to the variance of time, temperature, pressure and pH in experiments, the properties of leachate treatment are follows. The removal efficiencies of COD, NH$_{3}$-N, TOC, Conductivity and SS on the basis of reaction time was 96.4%-97.5%, -1.4%-53.7%, 81.7%-89.0%, 92.0%-95.3% and 99.86%-99.97%, respectively. When the pH of Influent was 7.5, the pH of effluent was increased to 10-11 with time elapse. It is concluded that the orgin of pH increase may be ammonia. When the properties of concentrate were investigated at the concentration ratio 90%(V/V), concentration difficiency represented in the ratio of experimental value/calculated value had following orders ; COD>TOC>NH$_{3}$-N>Conductivity>SS. Concentrate had good precipitation because of additive thermal treatment in the process. When evaporation experiments with pH adjustment of 4.0, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0 and 10.0 were performed ; Acidic evaporation experiments(pH 4.0, 6.0) showed low removal efficiency(81.6, 87.6%) of COD and high removal efficiency (97.5%. 84.6%) of NH$_{3}$-N at initial evaporation. Basic evaporation(pH 9.0, 10.0) showed high removal efficiency (97.2%, 98.9%) of COD and very low removal efficiency (-7.4%, -27.2%) of NH$_{3}$-N at initial evaporation.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.305.1-305.1
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• 2003

A simple, specific and sensitive method for the determination of levofloaxcin (LFX) in human serum was developed by a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector and applied to pharmacokinetic study of LFX in human volunteers. This method involves several steps such as precipitation with acetonitrile, extraction with methylene chloride, evaporation, and concentration, using 0.5ml of the serum. (omitted)

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 1998

Poly(L-lactide) microcapsules containing hydrophilic penetrate were prepared by interfacial precipitation method through solvent evaporation from w/o/w emulsion. Effect of four determinative process parameters on the particle size distributions, morphologies, and release properties of microcapsules coated with poly(L-lactide) was investigated. Moreover, susceptible functional cotton fabrics treated with the mentioned microcapsules were prepared and laundry test up to 15 times were done to determine fastness properties. As a result, the prepared poly(L-lactide) microcapsules with a more sharp-distributive, rounder, and more permeable membranes could be prepared by means of protective colloid concentration, solution volume and stirring rate.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.56-68
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• 2011

Wet canopy evaporation ($E_{WC}$) has been recognized as a significant component of total evapotranspiration, especially in forests and therefore it is critical to accurately assess $E_{WC}$ to understand forest hydrological cycle. In this review, I focused on the measurement methods and evaluating the magnitudes of $E_{WC}$ at diverse forest types (e.g., deciduous, coniferous, mixed, and rain forests). I also present the general issues to be considered for $E_{WC}$ measurements. The commonly used measurement methods for $E_{WC}$ include the water balance, energy balance, and the Penman-Monteith (PM) methods. The magnitudes of $E_{WC}$ ranged from 5 to 54% of precipitation based on the literature review, showing a large variation even for a similar forest type possibly related to canopy structure, rainfall intensity, and other meteorological conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a general conclusion on the contribution of $E_{WC}$ to evapotranspiration from a particular forest type. Errors can arise from the measurements of precipitation (due to varying wind effect) and throughfall (due to spatial variability caused by canopy structure) for water balance method, the measurements of sensible heat flux and heat storage for energy balance method, and the estimation of aerodynamic conductance and unaccounted sensible heat advection for the PM method. For a reliable estimation of $E_{WC}$, the combination of ecohydrological and micrometeorological methods is recommended.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.639-658
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• 2019

The classification of fog type and the characteristics of fog based on fog events over South Korea were investigated using a 3-year (2015~2017) visibility meter data. One-minute visibility meter data were used to identify fog with present weather codes and surface observation data. The concept of fog events was adopted for the better definition of fog properties and more objective classification through the detailed investigation of life cycle of fog. Decision tree method was used to classify the fog types and the final fog types were radiation fog, advection fog, precipitation fog, cloud base lowering fog and morning evaporation fog. We enhanced objectivity in classifying the types of fog by adding the satellite and the buoy observations to the conventional usage of AWS and ceilometer data. Radiation fog, the most common type in South Korea, frequently occurs in inland during autumn. A considerable number of advection fogs occur in island area in summer, especially in July. Precipitation fog accounts for more than a quarter of the total fog events and frequently occurs in islands and coastal areas. Cloud base lowering fog, classified using ceilometer, occurs occasionally for all areas but the occurrence rate is relatively high in east and west coastal area. Morning evaporation fog type is rarely observed in inland. The occurrence rate of thick fog with visibility less than 100 meters is amount to 21% of total fog events. Although advection fog develops into thick fog frequently, radiation fog shows the minimum visibility, in some cases.