Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회지)

Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회)
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Measurements of Wet Canopy Evaporation in Forests: A Review

산림에서의 젖은 군락 증발 관측: 고찰

  • Kwon, Hyo-Jung (National Center for Agro-Meteorology, Seoul National University)
  • Published : 2011.06.30
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Abstract

Wet canopy evaporation ($E_{WC}$) has been recognized as a significant component of total evapotranspiration, especially in forests and therefore it is critical to accurately assess $E_{WC}$ to understand forest hydrological cycle. In this review, I focused on the measurement methods and evaluating the magnitudes of $E_{WC}$ at diverse forest types (e.g., deciduous, coniferous, mixed, and rain forests). I also present the general issues to be considered for $E_{WC}$ measurements. The commonly used measurement methods for $E_{WC}$ include the water balance, energy balance, and the Penman-Monteith (PM) methods. The magnitudes of $E_{WC}$ ranged from 5 to 54% of precipitation based on the literature review, showing a large variation even for a similar forest type possibly related to canopy structure, rainfall intensity, and other meteorological conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a general conclusion on the contribution of $E_{WC}$ to evapotranspiration from a particular forest type. Errors can arise from the measurements of precipitation (due to varying wind effect) and throughfall (due to spatial variability caused by canopy structure) for water balance method, the measurements of sensible heat flux and heat storage for energy balance method, and the estimation of aerodynamic conductance and unaccounted sensible heat advection for the PM method. For a reliable estimation of $E_{WC}$, the combination of ecohydrological and micrometeorological methods is recommended.

산림에서의 차단강수증발(EWC)은 증발산과 강수에 중요한 기여를 한다. 따라서, 산림에서의 수문순환을 이해하기 위해서는 정확한 $E_{WC}$를 산정하는 것이 중요하다. 본 고찰에서는 $E_{WC}$의 측정방법을 소개하고, 선행 연구에서 보고된 산림형태(예를 들면, 활엽수림, 침엽수림, 혼효림, 열대림)에 따른 $E_{WC}$ 값과 측정시 고려해야 할 사항에 대하여 논의하였다. 전형적인 $E_{WC}$ 측정에는 물 수지, 에너지 수지 및 Penman-Monteith 방법이 있다. 전반적으로, $E_{WC}$는 강수량의 5~54%를 차지하였으며, 같은 산림형태내에서도 $E_{WC}$의 강수량에 대한 기여도는 큰 변동을 보였다. 이러한 변동에는 강수강도, 기상조건, 군락 구조 특성이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 특정 산림형태에서의 $E_{WC}$의 강수량에 대한 기여도를 정량화하는 것은 어려울 것으로 판단된다. 관측시 발생하는 오차는 $E_{WC}$ 정량화의 불확실성을 증대 시킨다. 물수지 방법의 경우, 풍속의 영향을 받는 강수 관측과 군락 구조의 공간적 비균질성의 영향을 받는 수관통과우 등의 관측 오차를 들 수 있다. 에너지 수지 방법의 경우에는 현열 플럭스와 열저류항의 관측이 주요 오차의 원인이 되며, Penman-Monteith 방법은 공기전도도와 현열의 이류 추정에서 발생하는 오차에 주의를 기울여야 한다. 각 측정방법의 오차를 최소화하고 신뢰할 수 있는 $E_{WC}$를 얻기위해서는 수문학적 방법과 미기상학적 방법, 즉 물 수지와 에너지 수지 방법을 함께 사용하는 것이 바람직하다.

Keywords

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