• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.350-357
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• 2013

Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi, algae, or cyanobacteria which are able to survive in extreme environmental conditions ranging from deserts to polar areas. Some lichen symbionts produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory etc. Among the symbionts of lichens, of the bacterial communities of lichen symbionts little is known. In this study, we isolated 4 microbial species from the Arctic lichen Stereocaulon spp. and evaluated their antioxidant properties using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay as well as 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were also measured. A potent radical scavenging activity was detected in a number of the lichen extracts. Among the 4 species tested in this study, the ethyl acetate extract of Bosea vestrisii 36546(T) exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging activity, with an inhibition rate of 86.8% in DPPH and 75.2% in ABTS assays. Overall, these results suggest that lichen-bacteria could be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.794-801
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• 2013

This paper reports the production and characterization of crude xylanase from the newly isolated Humicola sp. Ly01. The highest (41.8 U/ml) production of the crude xylanase was obtained under the optimized conditions (w/v): 0.5% wheat bran, 0.2% $KH_2PO_4$, and 0.5% peptone; initial pH 7.0; incubation time 72 h; $30^{\circ}C$; and 150 rpm. A considerable amount of the crude xylanase was induced using hulless barley bran or soybean meal as the carbon source, but a small amount of the enzyme was produced when supplementary urea was used as the nitrogen source to wheat bran. The crude xylanase showed apparent optimal cellulase-free xylanase activity at $60^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0, more than 71.8% of the maximum xylanase activity in 3.0-30.0% (v/v) ethanol and more than 82.3% of the initial xylanase activity after incubation in 3.0-30.0% (v/v) ethanol at $30^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. The crude xylanase was moderately resistant to both acid and neutral protease digestion, and released 7.9 and 10.9 ${\mu}mol/ml$ reducing sugar from xylan in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The xylooligosaccharides were the main products of the hydrolysis of xylan by the crude xylanase. These properties suggested the potential of the crude enzyme for being applied in the animal feed industry, xylooligosaccharides production, and high-alcohol conditions such as ethanol production and brewing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2014

The object of this study was to evaluate the combined toxic interactions of the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with six heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb). The individual and combined toxic effects were assessed using the Vibrio fischeri assay. In case of the individual toxicity, PFOA was higher toxic than PFOS and toxicity of PFOA and PFOS were lower than heavy metal. In the toxicity of heavy metals, the $Hg^{2+}$ was found to be most toxic followed by $Pb^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$. The combined toxicity of PFOA or PFOS with $Cr^{6+}$ were synergistic effect because the $EC_{50}$ mix values were less than 1 TU. PFOA + $Zn^{2+}$, PFOS + $Zn^{2+}$, PFOA + $Cd^{2+}$ and PFOS + $Cd^{2+}$ produced addictive effect. Except in these case, all of binary mixtures show antagonistic effect. This study proved potential risk of coexistent with perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals in water environment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2010

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of medium components and shade treatment on the growth, contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of Youngia sonchifolia. Substrates combined with coco peat and perlite (ratio 70:30 or 50:50, v/v) showed higher plant length, leaf area, and fresh weight than single substrate (P<0.05). Shade treatment also significantly reduced plant height, root length, leaf areas, and fresh weight (P<0.05) with increasing of the degree. Shading treatment, however, increased contents of total phenolics [mg ferulic acid equivalents $kg^{-1}$ dry wt.] and total flavonoids [mg naringin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ dry wt.] in shoot parts of Y. sonchifoli, showing 110.2 to 119.2 and 128.3 to 146.7 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts from the plants dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and the activity was higher in shoots (50.2 to 80.8%) than in roots (47.7 to 49.8%), and in shading treatment than in no shade.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 2013

The aims of this study were to determine antioxidation effect and neuroblastoma cell protection effect of donkey's bone and skin extracts (DBSE). DBSE was extracted by a pressure-cooker for 48 h and lyophilized. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was significantly increased with increased doses of DBSE and 40 mg/ml of DBSE showed 95.43% of the DPPH scavenging effect, which was equivalent to 1 mg/ml of vitamin C. The 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was also increased in a dose-dependent manner, and 20 mg/ml of DBSE showed 88.73% of the ABTS scavenging effect. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (${\mu}M$ Trolox equivalent) of DBSE was significantly increased at a concentration of 10 mg/ml, which showed $132.53{\mu}M$ TE. The viability of oxidatively stressed brain cells induced by $500{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ was protected by DBSE at concentrations greater than $50{\mu}M$. Cell viability after DBSE treatment at 50 and $100{\mu}g/ml$ was 53.78 and $54.34{\mu}M$ TE, respectively. There was no significant difference between both doses; however, 200 and $500{\mu}g/ml$ of DBSE showed 59.74 and 66.08% of cell viability, respectively indicating that DBSE protected SK-N-SH from oxidation stress. These results suggest that DBSE may have potential to be used as natural antioxidants in food industry, while in vivo evidence is necessary to support DBSE's in vitro-based antioxidative efficiency.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.287-292
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• 2005

The crude galactomannans (GMs) were obtained from the culture of a newly isolated fungus Trichoderma erinaceum DG-312 and their anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in mice. The maximum concentrations of mycelial biomass and GMs reached 9.44 g/l, 2.72 g/l at day 3 in a 5-l stirred-tank bioreactor, respectively. The results of Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography and compositional analysis revealed that the crude GMs contain heterogeneous polysaccharides consisting of $74.9\%$ mannose and $24.1\%$ galactose. The GMs was shown to possess a significant anti-inflammatory activity against acetic acid-induced inflammatory mouse model in a dose-dependent manner, when mice were treated with 100 and 200 mg GMs/kg body weight. The inhibition in vascular permeability $(60.6\%)$ and in writhing response $(62.5\%)$ evidenced an anti-inflammatory activity of the GMs. The marked anti-inflammatory and writhing-lowering properties of the GMs suggest its potential therapeutic use.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of wa-song (Orostachys japonicus A. Berger) extracts on the oxidative stability of edible oil. Wa-song was dried from hot air (HWE) and freeze (FWE), and then they were extracted by hot water. The different levels (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 mL) of HWE and FWE were added to soybean oil and lard. The chromaticity of edible oils was generally increased with prolonged heating time and HWE was higher than FWE. The anisidine value showed significant increase during heating for 48hrs. After heating for 48 hrs, it was lower than control, except for HWE added sample of 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 mL, FWE added sample of 1.0 g/100 mL. In lard, it was lower in sample added wa-song extract than control. The acid value was not significant by added amount of wa-song. Its value in HWE added sample was lower than FWE, after heating for 48 hrs. POV was lower HWE than FWE, also. After heating for 24 hrs, TBA values in soybean oil containing HWE and FWE added sample was lower than control. In lard, its value in HWE and FWE added sample was lower than control during heating for $12{sim}48\;hrs$. Therefore, those results suggested that HWE has higher antioxidant activity than FWE added sample, and then oxidative stability of HWE in edible oil was more potential for lard during its heating.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.979-985
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• 2004

Effects of green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf extracts on factors related to blood circulation were studied using rats fed high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Rats were randomly divided into five groups, and plant extracts were orally administered. Green tea extract increased bleeding time in rat tails, suggesting it could prevent platelet aggregation. Administration of green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf extracts decreased total cholesterol level in liver. Grape leaf extracts decreased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in plasma, whereas buckwheat and grape leaf extracts decreased the substances in liver. These results showed extracts of green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf were effective for improving lipid composition in blood and liver and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in animal tissue, suggesting they may have potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2015

The substitute tea was manufactured from the leaves of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SPR) that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. Total polyphenols and flavonoids in SPR were $71.8{\pm}4.74GAE\;mg/g$ and $38.7{\pm}2.95QUE\;mg/g$, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of SPR water extract had an $RC_{50}$ of $16.9{\mu}g/mL$. SPR inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production with an $IC_{50}$ of > $100{\mu}g/mL$. Medium and large leaves were used in the SPR substitute tea (SPRT). The water content was dissipated on roasting within approximately 10 minutes, and the tea obtained from fan-firing for a total 120 minutes was evaluated as most superior. Flavor was positively correlated with the taste and general preference. SPRT maintained its anti-oxidative activity without significant changes on roasting or fan-firing even after the heat treatment. The appropriate weight of a tea bag for one serving was 1.0 g. The study results indicated that SPR is a potential resource for the development of food or ingredients with anti-inflammatory properties.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.167-177
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• 2011

Renewable energy resources and technologies have the potential to provide long-lasting solutions of the global energy-requirements faced by the economic and environmental sectors of a nation. Therefore, waste money bills were used as renewable energy source for the production of bio-ethanol. In this study, different concentrated NaOH 0.5%. 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0% and 0.0% (as a control) were used for 10, 20 and 30 mins at $121^{\circ}C$/15 psi in an autoclave. Saccharification and fermentation (aerobic and anaerobic) were carried out through commercial enzyme Celluclast 1.5 L, Novozymes 188 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 11304 respectively. The results of pretreatment showed that the NaOH pre-treated substrate enhanced enzyme action and released more amount of glucose. The amount of glucose was found with the increasing concentration of NaOH and time $44996.95{\pm}6.30$, $46763.10{\pm}3.56$, $53421.32{\pm}4.72$, $63431.25{\pm}6.95$ and $56850.98{\pm}6.75\;ng/{\mu}l$ for 30 min respectively. As for bioethanol, the conversion rate of NaOH resulted $1010.08{\pm}4.71$, $1050.25{\pm}4.37$, $1109.49{\pm}4.39$, $1139.25{\pm}3.26$ and $1020.77{\pm}3.89$ ppm for aerobic; $16730.54{\pm}6.67$, $17076.45{\pm}6.25$, $17516.17{\pm}4.49$, $19782.68{\pm}6.19$ and $17973.39{\pm}7.50$ ppm for anaerobic and $18935.02{\pm}4.59$, $19895.45{\pm}5.39$, $21912.95{\pm}4.83$, $24895.21{\pm}6.72$ and $18961.21{\pm}4.90$ ppm for anaerobic condition with benzoic acid for respective condition. Thus, the results of the present work clearly revealed that with the increasing of alkali concentration might be more effective for bio-ethanol production from waste money bill, which is economic and environmental friendly.