• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1031-1038
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• 2003

This study was aimed at investigating the change of blood mineral and enzyme activity during growth period of velvet antler in Korean spotted deer. Samples of blood, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty-five deer(4 to 6 year-old males), were taken in 10 days interval from just after casting to 50 days. Deer were randomly selected from the farm, and samples were analyzed for blood parameters like mineral concentration and enzyme activities. No significant differences found in calcium and phosphorus concentration in blood whereas sodium, potassium and chloride concentration were significantly changed with antler growth. There were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, $\gamma$-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase during growth of antler, but alkaline phosphatase concentration was increased with growth of antler, and the highest concentration was obtained on the 50 days after casting. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities for the deer tested in this experiment were higher than those of other animals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2012

Various factors affecting on the bioassay were investigated. Experiments with a low mixture ratio (cell to toxicant solution) of 0.5 : 9.5 (v/v) produced observable bioluminescence intensity for assay. Both sodium lactate and potassium nitrate stimulate bioluminescence activity; 2.6~4.0 times of control. Distilled water and MSM, which gave non significant effects on the bioluminescence activity, were determined as proper diluent or extract solutions. A wide range of toxic responses of metals and organics were observed. In general, organics were much less sensitive than metals. Samples collected from eleven sites showed the bioluminescence activity ranging from 29 to 111% of the control. Significant correlation between toxicity and total metal contents was not observed, but the toxicity of two groups, sorted based on the contaminated arsenic concentration in soils, was 44% and 20%, showing considerable differences.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1316-1321
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop a model to describe the effect of antimicrobials [potassium sorbate (PS), potassium lactate (PL), and combined PL and sodium diacetate (SDA, PLSDA)] on the growth parameters of Listeria monocytogenes such as specific growth rate (SGR) and lag phase periods (LT) in air-dried raw sausages as a function of storage temperature (4, 10, 16, and $25^{\circ}C$). Results showed that the SGR of L monocytogenes was dependent on the storage temperature and level of antimicrobials used. The most effective treatment was the 4% PLSDA, followed by the 2% PLSDA and 4% PL and 0.2% PS exhibited the least antimicrobial effect. Increased growth rates were observed with increasing storage temperatures from 4 to $25^{\circ}C$. The growth data were fitted with a Gompertz equation to determine the SGR and LT of the L. monocytogenes. Six polynomial models were developed for the SGR and LT to evaluate the effect of PS (0.1, 0.2%) and PL (2,4%) alone and PLSDA (2, 4%) on the growth kinetics of L. monocytogenes from 4 to $25^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.44.1-44.15
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• 2021

Background: Intraoperative fluids are still poorly studied in veterinary medicine. In humans the dosage is associated with significant differences in postoperative outcomes. Objectives: The aim of this study is to verify the influence of three different fluid therapy rates in dogs undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Methods: Twenty-four female dogs were distributed into three groups: G5, G10, and G20. Each group was given 5, 10, and 20 mL·kg^-1·h^-1 of Lactate Ringer, respectively. This study evaluated the following parameters: central venous pressure, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, acid-base balance, and serum lactate levels. Additionally, this study evaluated the following urinary variables: urea, creatinine, protein to creatinine ratio, urine output, and urine specific gravity. The dogs were evaluated up to 26 h after the procedure. Results: All animals presented respiratory acidosis during the intraoperative period. The G5 group evidenced intraoperative oliguria (0.80 ± 0.38 mL·kg^-1·h^-1), differing from the G20 group (2.17 ± 0.52 mL·kg^-1·h^-1) (p = 0.001). Serum lactate was different between groups during extubation (p = 0.036), with higher values being recorded in the G5 group (2.19 ± 1.65 mmol/L). Animals from the G20 group presented more severe hypothermia at the end of the procedure (35.93 ± 0.61℃) (p = 0.032). Only the members of the G20 group presented mean potassium values below the reference for the species. Anion gap values were lower in the G20 group when compared to the G5 and G10 groups (p = 0.017). Conclusions: The use of lactated Ringer's solution at the rate of 10 mL·kg^-1·h^-1 seems to be beneficial in the elective laparoscopic procedures over the 5 or 20 mL·kg^-1·h^-1 rates of infusion.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate the hematological and biochemical changes in experimentally infected goats with Besnoitia caprae from the time of infection till 360 days post-infection (PI). Six male goats were inoculated subcutaneously with $13{\times}10^7$ bradyzoites of B. caprae, and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. The total erythrocyte and total leukocyte counts, hematocrit value, and differential leukocyte counts were determined. Serum biochemical analysis, including the total protein, albumin, total globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, chloride, testosterone, calcium ($Ca^{2+}$), inorganic phosphorus, sodium ($Na^+$), potassium ($K^+$), iron ($Fe^{2+}$), glucose, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase, was undertaken. Skin biopsy from the limbs were collected at weekly intervals and histologically examined for Besnoitia cysts. Cysts were present in the skin biopsies of the leg of the infected goats from day 28 PI. There were variations in hematological analyses, but no significant difference was seen. From day 30 to 360 PI, results showed that SAA, Hp, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin concentrations increased, whereas testosterone concentrations decreased. Infected goats exhibited decrease of albumin and increase of serum total protein and globulin concentrations. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the remained analyses concentrations.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.6.1-6.12
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• 2020

Currently, the optimal resuscitation fluid remains debatable. Therefore, in the present study, we designed a trometamol-balanced solution (TBS) for use as a resuscitation fluid for hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in 18 male Wistar-Kyoto rats, which were assigned to normal saline (NS), Ringer's solution (RS), and TBS groups. During the hemorrhagic state, their hemodynamic parameters were recorded using an Abbott i-STAT analyzer with the CG4+ cartridge (for pH, pressure of carbon dioxide, pressure of oxygen, total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, base excess, oxygen saturation, and lactate), the CG6+ cartridge (for sodium, potassium, chloride, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, hematocrit, and hemoglobin), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (calcium, magnesium, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, and albumin). Similar trends were found for the parameters of biochemistries, electrolytes, and blood gas, and they revealed no significant changes after blood withdrawal-induced hemorrhagic shock. However, the TBS group showed more effective ability to correct metabolic acidosis than the NS and RS groups. TBS was a feasible and safe resuscitation solution in this study and may be an alternative to NS and RS for resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock patients without liver damage.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2019

The protective effect of Agrimonia pilosa var. (AP) extract on potassium dichromate ($K_2Cr_2O_7$)-induced cytotoxicity in cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts, was examined by performing an XTT assay for the cell viability and antioxidative effects, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and superoxide anion-radical (SAR) scavenging activity. In this study, $K_2Cr_2O_7$ decreased the cell viability significantly in a dose-dependent manner, and the $XTT_{50}$ value was determined to be $37.5{\mu}M$, which was highly-toxic according to the Borenfreund and Puerner' toxic criteria. The antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), increased remarkably the cell viability damaged by $K_2Cr_2O_7$-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. With regard to the protective effect of the AP extract on $K_2Cr_2O_7$-induced cytotoxicity, AP extract produced a significant increase in cell viability and antioxidative effects as the inhibitory ability LDH and SAR scavenging ability. These findings suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the cytotoxicity of $K_2Cr_2O_7$, and the AP extract effectively protected the cells from $K_2Cr_2O_7$-induced cytotoxicity by antioxidative effects. These results suggest that natural resources, such as AP extract, may be a putative therapeutic agent for the diminution or treatment of cytotoxicity induced by heavy metallic bases, such as $K_2Cr_2O_7$ correlated with oxidative stress.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1997

The successful cardiac transplantation depends partly on the donor heart preservation by a solution that will ensure recovery of myocardial function. The purpose of this study was to perform the evaluation of various preservation solutions and to accumulate the data on the requisites for ideal preservation solution. The experimental setup was the constant pressure Langendorffs perfusion system. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused for 20minutes with unarm Krebs-Henseleit solution, stored for 4 hours in cold preservation solution after cardioplegia, and then were reperfused for 20minutes. The 4 experimental groups were prepared Hartmann's solution group (group 1, control), modified Euro-collins solution group(group II. MEC), modified University of Wisconsin group (group n, MUW), and CK solution(made by the author) group (group W, CK). The parameters for assessing the preservation ability were levels of enzymes in freezed myocardial tissues (lactate, creatine kinase-MB and adenosine deaminase), coronary flow. left ventricular developing pressure and dpldt. In conclusion, the ability of preservation for isolated rabbit heart was excellent in CK solution and modified University of Wisconsin solution, and poor in modified Euro-collins solution, compared with Hartmann solution. CK solution has low potassium concentrations(34.2mEq/L) and includes various substrates to be salutary on myocardial preservation. This fact may indicates the necessity of further refinements in selection or composition of electrolytes and substrates.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.715-720
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• 2006

This study was performed to develop a predictive model for the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes in tryptic soy broth (TSB) using a response surface model with a combination of potassium lactate (PL), temperature, and pH. The growth parameters, specific growth rate (SGR), and lag time (LT) were obtained by fitting the data into the Gompertz equation and showed high fitness with a correlation coefficient of $R^2{\geq}0.9192$. The polynomial model was identified as an appropriate secondary model for SGR and LT based on the coefficient of determination for the developed model ($R^2\;=\;0.97$ for SGR and $R^2\;=\;0.86$ for LT). The induced values that were calculated using the developed secondary model indicated that the growth kinetics of L. monocytogenes were dependent on storage temperature, pH, and PL. Finally, the predicted model was validated using statistical indicators, such as coefficient of determination, mean square error, bias factor, and accuracy factor. Validation of the model demonstrates that the overall prediction agreed well with the observed data. However, the model developed for SGR showed better predictive ability than the model developed for LT, which can be seen from its statistical validation indices, with the exception of the bias factor ($B_f$ was 0.6 for SGR and 0.97 for LT).

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

Animal cell cultures generally require a nutrient-rich medium supplemented with animal serum. Adult bovine serum contains a variety of nutrients including inorganic minerals, vitamins, salts, proteins and lipids as well as growth factors that promote animal cell growth. To evaluate the potential use of gender-specific bovine serum (GSBS) for cell culture, the biochemical properties of male serum (MS), female serum (FS) and castrated-male serum (CMS) were investigated. Overall, the chemical profile of GSBS was similar to that of bovine references except for glucose, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and potassium. FS showed elevated total protein and sodium concentrations compared to MS and CMS. Proteins present in MS, FS and CMS but absent in fetal bovine serum (FBS) were selected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Some of the identified proteins are known to be involved in immune responses and the others have unknown physiological roles. Moreover, it was found that some proteins such as alpha-2-macroglobulin appeared to be gender-specific with higher contents in FS. Insulin and testosterone was significantly higher in MS, and $17{\beta}$-estradiol and estrone were higher in FS, as compared to the other sera. Taken together, the results indicate that each GSBS has a different ratio of components. Differences in serum constituents may affect cell cultures in a different manner and could be beneficial, depending on the specific aim of cell cultures.