• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2006

Compositional characteristics and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), which should be strongly regulated for environmental protection in the crude oils and petroleum products, have been investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS). In the crude oils analyzed, two-rings compound(naphthalene) of PAHs was detected around $72.3\sim93.5%$, but five- or six-rings compound of PAHs was not detected. In the crude oils analyzed, the molecular ratio indices of Phe/Ant(phenanthrene/anthracene)>15, Fla/Pyr(fluoranthene/pyrene)<1, BaA/Chr(benzo (a)anthracene/chrysene)$\leq0.4$ could be effectively applied, and we found that the origin of PAHs was petrogenic sources. Total PAHs concentrations in the crude oils were increased with increasing API gravity and with decreasing sulfur contents of the analyzed crude oils. Five- or six-rings compound of PAHs were not included in ail petroleum products except bunker-C. Furthermore, the molecular ratio indices of Phe/Ant(phenanthrene/anthracene) vs. Fla/Pyr(fluoranthene/pyrene) could be effectively applied as the standard for the PAHs contamination criterion at the other Korean areas.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2007

Hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are mainly originated from imperfect combustion of fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. The consumptions of not only petroleum but also coal have been increasing in the East Asian countries. This review describes the result of international collaboration research concerning characteristics and major contributors of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs in cities in Japan, Korea, China and Russia. We collected airborne particulates in ten cities in the above countries and six PAHs and eleven NPAHs were determined by HPLC methods using fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections. The total PAH concentrations were much higher in Chinese cities (Fushun, Tieling, Shenyang and Beijing) than those in other cities (Vladivostok, Busan, Kanazawa, Kitakyushu, Sapporo and Tokyo). The total NPAH concentrations were also higher in Chinese cities than those in the other cities. The [NPAH]/[corresponding PAH] ratios are much larger in diesel-engine exhaust particulates than those in coal-burning particulates. The [1-nitropyrene]/[pyrene] ratio of airborne particulates was much smaller in the four Chinese cities, suggesting that coal combustion systems such as coal heaters were the main contributors. On the other hand, the ratios were larger in Korean and Japanese cities, suggesting the large contribution of diesel-engine vehicles.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2003

Synchronous spectrofluorimetry was carried out for the simultaneous determination of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in aqueous solution by fluorescence spectrometry have been studied. The optimal wavelength interval(${\triangle}{\lambda}$) for synchronous spectra of acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, fluorene and pyrene were investigated in the presence of surfactants. The great enhancement of the fluorescence of these PAHs in Triton X-100 was obtained and optimal wavelength was 50 nm. The calibration curves in synthetic mixture solution of 5 PAHs were linear over the range from $1.0{\times}10^{-8}M$ to $1.0{\tiems}10^{-4}M$. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the detection limits were $4.9{\tiems}10^{-9}M$,\;7.0{\times}10^{-9}M,\;4.7{\tiems}10^{-9}M,\;1.6{\tiems}10^{-9}M$ and $3.2{\tiems}10^{-9}M$ for acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, fluorene and pyrene, respectively.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2016

The hazards associated with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be recalcitrant by their structure, but white rot fungi are capable of degrading recalcitrant organic compounds. Phlebia brevispora KUC9045 isolated from Korea was investigated its efficiency of degradation of four PAHs, such as phenanthrene, anthracne, fluoranthene, and pyrene. And the species secreted extracellular laccase and MnP (Manganese dependent peroxidase) during degradation. P. brevispora KUC9045 demonstrated effective degradation rates of phenanthrene (66.3%), anthracene (67.4%), fluoranthene (61.6%), and pyrene (63.3%), respectively. For enhancement of degradation rates of PAHs by the species, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) was preferentially supplemented to induce ligninolytic enzymes. The biodegradation rates of the three PAHs including phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were improved as higher concentration of Remazol Brilliant Blue R was supplemented. However, anthracene was degraded with the highest rate among four PAHs after two weeks of the incubation without RBBR addition. According to the previous study, RBBR can be clearly decolorized by P. brevispora KUC9045. Hence, the present study demonstrates simultaneous degradation of dye and PAHs by the white rot fungus. And it is considered that the ligninolytic enzymes are closely related with the degradation. In addition, it indicated that dye waste water might be used to induce ligninolytic enzymes for effective degradation of PAHs.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2002

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) content in sewage sludge was determined by gas chromatography linked to ion trap mass spectrometry(GC/ITMS) with five deuterated PAHs as internal standards. The minimum detection limit was from 1.66 to 7.14 pg for individual PAH by GC/ITMS. For determining total PAHs(∑PAH) in sewage sludge 84 samples from 74 waste water treatment plants in whole country were analyzed. The average content of ∑PAH far whole samples was 3,289$\pm$3,098 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and ranged from 142 to maximum 20,102 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. According to the number of population of the city, the areas were classified as five regions, ie. big, large, middle, small, and rural area in which the waste water treated plants were grown. The contents of PAHs were 4,689$\pm$5,503, 5,839$\pm$6,401, 3,725$\pm$2,053, 2,237$\pm$2,069, and 2,475$\pm$1,489 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, in big, large, middle, small, and rural area, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.413-425
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• 2005

The 16 priority PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) designated by US Environmental Protection Agency were analyzed for some digested sludges from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. PAHs are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge due to their persistence and toxic potential. PAHs were extracted from freeze-dried sludges using a methylene chloride-methanol (2:1) mixture in a soxhlet extractor. The extracts were cleaned-up by silica gel/alumina combination column and subsequently fed into gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) for determining PAH contents. The sum of the 16 PAHs in the sewage sludge varied from 534.8 to $5754.5 {\cal}ug/{\cal}kg$, dry wt.. In the sewage sludge, phenanthrene appears as the most abundant PAHs, followed by naphthalene, pyrene, fluoranthene. Source of the investigated sewage sludges relatively predominated pyrogenic. PAHs levels of sewage sludges in Korea appeared to be lower than those in other countries.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2009

Airborne particulates were collected in three different size fractions (>7 ${\mu}m$; 2.1-7 ${\mu}m$; < 2.1 ${\mu}m$) by using Andersen low-volume air samplers at three sites in Tieling city, Liaoning Province, a typical local city in northeast China, in every season during the period from July 2003 to May 2004. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and seven nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in the airborne particulates were determined by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection, respectively. The mean total concentrations of the nine PAHs and seven NPAHs were highest at The mixed residential and light industrial site, and lowest at the residential site near the suburbs. At all sites, more than 70% of the total PAHs and more than 60% of the total NPAHs were found in the finest particulate (< 2.1 ${\mu}m$) fraction. Both cluster analysis and several diagnostic ratios showed that the major contributors of PAHs and NPAHs in airborne particulates were coal combustion systems such as domestic stoves and coal boilers in all seasons in Tieling city.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.543-549
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• 2004

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in sediments of Kwangyang bay on Korea, have been investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC/MS). The average content of total PAHs in all samples was 2,211ppb, and the range was from 36 to 22,699ppb. The higher concentrations were found in sediment sampled near Kwangyang iron processing plant, Taeindo. The resulting distributions of PAHs according to the number of aromatic ring and molecular ratios of specific aromatic compounds (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene) have been discussed in terms of sample location, origin of the organic matter. Four, five and six rings of PAHs were mainly found near to Kwangyang iron processing plant, and three and four rings near to Yeosu chemical kombinat This result typically indicated the local characteristics, depending on the origin of PAHs.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.394-404
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• 2003

Certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2. In the present study, the effects of six well-known PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluorancene and benzo[b]fluorancene, on the activities of hepatic and pulmonary CYP enzymes were investigated in male ICR mice. When mice were treated intraperitoneally with 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg of individual PAHs for 3 consecutive days, the activities of ethoxyresorufin- and methoxyresorufin-Ο-dealkylases were significantly and differentially induced in both liver and lung. Moreover, other CYP isozyme-associated monooxygenase activities were also induced significantly in liver and lung with characteristic induction profiles. Our present results suggest that individual PAHs might have inductive effects on CYP isozymes, and that the characteristic inductive effects of individual PAHs on certain CYP isozymes would be developed as a marker for determining exposure to certain PAHs.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.103-106
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• 2001

A remediation technology consisting of biodegradation and a modified Fenton reaction was developed to degrade mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site. The original Fenton reaction (i.e., $H_2O$$_2$ + Fe$^{2+}$) was modified to be biocompatible by using ferric ions and chelating agents such as catechol and gallic acid. The modified reaction was effective in degrading PAHs at near neutral pH and thus was compatible with biodegradation. By the combined treatment of the modified Fenton reaction and biodegradation, more than 98% of 2- or 3-ring hydrocarbons and between 70 and 85% of 4- or 5-ring compounds were degraded in the MGP soil, while maintaining its pH about 6.6.