• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.460-470
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• 1998

By expanding health insurance, customers will carry a smaller burden of medical costs. As a result, the number of visits to a physician increase and this result in the improvement of medical accessibility. But medical care utilization may be changed not only by insurance status but also by socio-demographic factor, economic status and other factors. The question thus remains, at which level of accessibility and what price of medical care service in health insurance will the customer and the medical care service be satisfied. The price of medical care service ls comprised of the customer's out-of-pocket money and the costs not covered by health insurance. If the price of medical care services in health insurance are appropriate, medical care utilization should not differ because of the difference in income status or the acuteness of illness. But If the price is not adequate, low income groups will receive relatively low medical care utilization, particularly in the case of chronic disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences in medical care utilization among the various income groups and those with varying acuteness of illness. The major hypotheses to test in this study are : (i) whether there are differences in medical care utilization among different income groups exist, (ii) whether differences in medical care utilization among different income groups exist with the hospital type. (iii) whether differences in medical care utilization among different income groups exist with the acuteness of illness and with age. The data was collected from the JongRo District Health Insurance Society in Seoul. A total of 118,336 persons were selected as the final sample for this study. The major findings of this study were as follows; 1. The volume of ambulatory utilization among users was statistically significant by income level. 2. Among different income groups, the volume of ambulatory utilization was statistically significant by the acuteness of illness. 3. Higher income groups with chronic diseases had a greater volume of ambulatory utilization than other groups.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.743-756
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• 2002

Purpose: This study is a descriptive and comparative study that compares health state and school adaptation between children in divorced family and in normal family. Study results will provide a basic data for the development of an intervention program designed to help children in divorced family adjust to their crisis. Method: The study subjects consisted of 700 children in 4th. 5th or 6th elementary school grade, residing Seoul and Kyunggi regions. Among these subjects, 123 were children with divorced family and 577 were children with normal family. The health status of the subjects was measured by Health Symptom Questionnaire developed by Shin and revised by the investigators. The instrument consisted of 30 items measuring physical and emotional health symptoms. The level of school adaptation of the subjects was measured by School Adaptation Scale developed by Lee, which consisted of 4 dimensions with 20 items what measures relationship with peer students, learning activity, observance of regulation, and participation of school activity. The investigators visited the schools and collected data in the classes using the questionnaire after explaining the purpose and procedures of the study to the children. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, $\yen\"{o}2$-test, t-test, ANOVA using the SPSS PC + statistical program. Result: First, the mean health state score in children with normal family (M=11.99) was higher than that in children with divorced family (M=19.15), showing a significant difference (t=-6.51, p=.000) between the two groups, which suggests that children with normal family have better health state than children with divorced family. Second, the mean school adaptation score in children with normal family (M=38.99) was higher than that in children with divorced family (M=26.97), showing a significant difference between the two groups (t=104.07, p=.000), which suggests that the school adaptation of children with normal family is better than that of children with divorced family. Third, in comparison of health state between the two groups by general characteristics. there were significant differences between the two groups in sex. the most contributing factor to health status of the children, school year. birth order, religion, school achievement, amount of monthly pocket money, parents level of formal education, occupation of parents, economic status (p<.05). Forth, in comparison of the level of school adaptation between the two groups by general characteristics, there were significant differences between the two groups in most variables (p<.05), suggesting that children with normal family had better capacity of school adaptation than children with divorced family. Conclusion: As a result. this study showed that the parent's divorce had great influence on children's health status and school adaptation capacity. The implication for nursing is that there is a need to develop supportive interventions for the high-risk children who have decreased health states and school adaptation capacity due to the divorce of their parents. In addition, it is recommended that further studies should be conducted to explore protective factors for the prevention of health and adaptation problems in children.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.376-386
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• 2002

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing the smoking behavior of adolescents, in order to provide basic data to develop a future nursing intervention program for smoking prevention. Methods: The study subjects were 162 adolescents attending high schools, who were living in K city. The instruments included the Self Esteem Scale translated by Jeon (1974), beliefs about the social rule scale developed by the Committee for Adolescence Guidance (1988), differential peer association developed by Krohn et. al. (1982), perceived behavioral control scale developed by Hanson (1997), intention of smoking scale developed by Newman et. al.(1982), and self-efficacy scale developed by Sherer et. al. (1982). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: 1. The smoking behaviors of the subjects were significantly correlated with beliefs about social rule, perceived behavioral control. differential peer association, intention of smoking, self efficacy, grade, father's level of education, monthly pocket money, time of onset for smoking, degree of alcoholic intake, and drug abuse. 2. The multiple regression analysis revealed the most powerful predictor for smoking behavior was time of onset for smoking. A combination of beliefs about social rule, perceived behavioral control, grade, differential peer association, and intention of smoking accounted for 54.0% of the variance for smoking behavior in adolescents. Conclusion: It is recommended that these influencing factors for smoking behavior be considered when developing future nursing intervention programs for the antismoking behaviors of adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1979

This study was conducted to abbess dietary intake and eating habits of low-income persons aged 60 years or elder. 212 persons were surveyed between July 10 and August 17, 1978 ; 105 from the farming village of Yang-ju, Kyunggi province; and 107 from Karakdong, an area of redevlopment in the suburbs of Seoul. Results were as follows : 1 ) Family environment 84% of elderly persons surveyed, lived with their children; 13.2%, together as a couple; and 1.9%, widowed, lived alone. More than half on the households had an average monthly income of \50,000 to \30,000. The average Engel index was 61.2%. As for pocket money, 56.4% of male subjects had \l,000 to \7,000 per month, whereas 74% of female had less than \1,000. 2) Anthropometric measurements 59.9% of subjects were $70{\sim}90%$ of standard weight, 93% had an arm circumference only $60{\sim}80%$ of the standard. 3) Food and nutrient intake Carbohydrate provided 73.4 to 79.4% of total energy intake, whereas protein and fat accounted for 10.4 to 10.5% and 8.3 to 7.8%, respectively. Those over 65 years of age showed a somewhat greater dependence on carbohydrates for energy, than those under 65. Protein intake was only $42{\sim}52%$ of the recommended allowance. and the proportion of animal protein to total protein was only $2.1{\sim}9.3%$ far below the recommended allowance. Thus the protein nutrition of the subjects was proven to be inadequate qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Intake of energy and of all nutrients except vitamin A and ascorbic acid, were lower than recommended. 4) Correlational assessment The correlation coefficient between poor dental health, clinical sign score, appetite index, dietary balance and nutrient intake, was significant (0<0.01). Poor teeth, illness, and poor appetite were always associated with inadequate intake of energy and nutrients. The results of this survey reveal that many of elderly of the rural and urban poor show evidence of general malnutrition, The authours hope that this study will provide a back. ground and indicate the direction that community health and welfare programs may take to assure proper nutrition for the elderly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• 제9권11호
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• pp.475-486
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• 2009

Regular activity program is needed for managing chronic disease and obesity and preventing falls as a nursing intervention. It seems that serious game will be very important for older people to keep them active with fun to improve their health. This study was conducted to explore the correlations between health problems and computer game needs in the elderly. This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of adults who are older than 55 years, recruited from several places through trained research assistants and research center that has online pools in Korea. 778 subjects (mean age: $61.4\;{\pm}\;5.6$) were participated in this study. The majority of subjects was male (68.6%). We found that there was higher needs for exercise or serious game in the group of ma1e(55.4%), below undergraduate(66.2%), under two family members(32.5%), over 350,000 won of pocket money/month (40.1%), mild depressive symptom (51.7%), and online responser(68%). Especially, they wanted to overcome physical limitations through games. Higher education, more experiences and skills of using computer/internet was statistically and positively significant to the needs for exercise or serious game. In conclusion, there exists a potential market within this demographic group for the use of serious games. Thus, we need to develop senior games in Korean to improve quality of life and health promotion.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify general, physical, and social self-efficacy according to oral health behavior among the elderly and examine the factors affecting them. For this purpose, a survey was conducted in 500 persons aged 60 years or older residing in Daegu and North Gyeongsang Province from June 1 to August 30, 2013. With the exception of 73 questionnaires that were not completed or contained insincere responses, 427 copies (recovery rate: 85.4%) were analyzed, thus obtaining the following results: 1) In terms of the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, those who were younger, who were more highly educated, who were married, and who got a larger amount of monthly pocket money showed higher general, physical, and social self-efficacy, with statistically significant differences (p<0.001). 2) The group with good oral health behavior showed higher general and social self-efficacy and that with an average level of oral health behavior showed higher physical self-efficacy, with significant differences (p<0.001). 3) The factor most influential on oral health behavior was general self-efficacy (${\beta}=0.184$), followed by social self-efficacy (${\beta}=0.162$), physical self-efficacy (${\beta}=0.101$).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.552-568
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• 1992

Recent improvements in the standard of living, national income and medical care, and a decline in the infant death rate which have occurred related to economic growth and modernization, have led to a longer average life-span and a higher ratio of elderly people in the total population, Therefore, not only in the field of nursing science, but also in the field of many other discipline, issues concerning the elderly have been given increasing interest. A great deal of effort has been spent on increasing the quality of life for elderly people. This study was conducted to analyze the correlation between social support and quality of life. The sample consisted of III subjects residing at home and 107 subjects residing in institutions all of whom were over 65 years of age. The data collection period was from October 23, 1990 to January 26, 1991. Social support was measured using the Norbeck social Support Questionnaire developed by Norbeck, translated by Oh, Ka Sil and quality of life was measured using the QOL scale developed by No, You Ja. Data were analyzed using pereentages, t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There was a statistically signifivant difference in the level of social support between the two groups (t＝-8.83, p＜.001), The elderly at home reported a much higher level of social support. 2. There was a statistically significant difference in the level of QOL between the two groups (t＝-5.77, p＜.001) . The elderly at home reported a much more positive quality of life. 3. There was a positive correlation between social support and QOL for the elderly at home ard it was statistically significant (r＝.32, p＜.001). 4. There was a postitive collealtion between social support and QOL for the elderly in institutions and it was also statistically significant (r＝.19, p＜.05). 5. The relationship between the general characteristics of the elderly at home and the variables of social support and of QOL were as follows ; 1) according to sex(t＝10.57, p＜.01) and the number of offspring(F＝6.19, p＜.01), there was a statistically significant difference in social support. 2) according to amount of Pocket money, there was a statistically significant difference in QOL(F＝2.98, p＜.05). 6. The relationship between the general characteristics of the elderly in institutions and the two variables were as follows ; 1) according to sex(t＝6.24, p＜.05), the number of offspring(F＝6.16, p＜.001) and religion (F＝2.58, p＜.05), there was a statistically significant difference in social support. 2) according to religion, there was a statistically significant difference in QOL(F＝2.90, p＜.05). In conclusion, it can be said that social support is an important variable related to QOL in the elderly and that social support levels are higher for the elderly residing at home. Therefore, more specific and objective approaches and efforts are needed to effectively use resources to maintain the elderly at home and to enhance social support available to the elderly in institutions and thereby increase QOL regardless of residence.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.115-129
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• 1999

To find the influence of family support degree on the depression of the elderly in a rural area, a questionnaire survey was made toward 163 persons who were more than 65 years old and living in a township at Chollanamdo province from January 1st to February 20th, 1998. The major findings are as follows : 1. By simple analysis significantly associated variables with depression score were residence, adequacy of pocket money, health consciousness, drinking alcohol, smoking, score of activity of daily living(ADL), score of instrumental activities of daily living(IADL), and degree of family support among female respondents(p<0.05). 2. To find the influence of family support on the depression score excluding other associated variables, multiple regression analysis was made and it was found that family support was associated significantly with affective, somatic, psychomotor and psychological domain of depression score among male, and somatic, psychomotor and psychological domain among female(p<0.05). The above finding suggest that family support degree is an important factor to be associated with the depression of the elderly in the rural area. So to deal with the depression of rural elderly, how to make close relation among family members must be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• 제6권
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• pp.65-87
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• 1982

1. Purpose: The purpose is to apply and adapt ancient textile pattern to practical life, and to contribute to the promotion of the creative development of modernization and Koreanization of textile pattern by the survey of the extent of taste for the textile pattern existent in Korean costume among costumes. 2. Hypothesis: Textile pattern is in most classical one expressed in fact, but nowadays abstract or geometric one is more exist. Consumers are in most part in forties, and so the taste cannot be ignored. Therefore aesthetic consciousness found Korean costume is more important rather than excessively bold or mordern one. 3. Method and Process: (1) This research is analysed 386 one through college student and parents of a primary or high school. (2) Taste of the pattern is comparisoned and analyzed as age. education, pocket money of the student or an income of a month in home through computer. And the analysis of the statistics research is operation through the Chi-Square Goodness of-Fit-Test. 4. Conclusion: (1) The Korean costume put on mostly party or formal dress, therefore it should be researched as an outdoor dress with traditional costume. (2) The most one is concerned in textile pattern, it's taste is different from color, constitution. Textile industry is developed not only weave pattern, gold-coverning pattern but embroidry pattern, dye pattern, therefore the various side of pattern design should be researched. (3) In Side of form, plant pattern is not only most various but highest in popularity. According to approach nowadays, all of the pattern becomes composition or geometric one with abstract tendency and so from these day pattern is necessary combinationed, researched with our people emotion. (4) The color of textile pattern is choiced individual taste. Through investige, research in various side of the modern taste and our costume, we take growing interest in the color, composition of textile, and should dressed with beauty and grace. (5) In side of size, textile pattern is choiced to individual face and body shape through research on form, color, size of these pattern, we should endeavor to dress well. (6) In side of application, most people is concerned in not only interior ornament but the costume is high. Costume research by some people of the outside and symbol with interior through the pattern analysis is not only very important but also is due to people culture.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.277-293
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• 1997

This study was conducted to provide basic materials required to enforce and develop welfare policies, as well as the health system, for the aged, by surveying the status of health care utilized by the daily increasing old population and the importance of receiving physical therapy. Data that need in this research was gathered from over ages of 65, during the period from Jan 4, 1996 to Jan 31, using the inquiries previously made by geriatric researchers and through literatures investigator by this writer. The data were analyzed by $X^2$, Z-test, Likert scale. The findings were as follows : 1) General characteristics of subjects. People in the age group between 65 and 69 were 55.6% and the highest number, while male were 37% and female 63%. Analysis of income group disclosed 60.6% whose monthly income, including the pocket money given by children, was less than 200,000 won. 91.1% of the elderly people surveyed owned houses; only 36.4% live with spouses; while 15.6% live alone. 2) Characteristics with respect to utilization of health care institution. 56% of the total medical institutions used by the elderly people were clinics and the rates of chronic disease and musculoskeletal disease were 73.2%. 3) Characteristics with respect to approach of health care institution. 45.1% of the respondent stated it took 20 minutes to arrive at hospital, and bus accounted for 48.6% of all transportation means used to go to hospital. 4) Degree of cognition with respect to the rights of geriatric patients. (1) There is no financial support from the government for geriatric patients(71.4%). (2) Government financial support is needed for geriatric patients(95.3%). (3) Have never been regionally surveyed or called upon for interviews with respect to treatment desire and problems relating to geriatric patients(87.2%). (4) Health and medical policies for geriatric patients must be established rapidly(98.4). (5) Expansion and construction of specialized medical facilities for geriatric patients such as elderly hospital and medical center are needed(90.2%). (6) Government's welfare policies for the elderly people is insufficient(82.0%) 5) Degree of cognition on importance of physical therapy with respect to geriatric patient. (1) Physical therapy is considered most effective in treating geriatric patients(82.9%). (2) Physical therapists specializing in only elderly people must be need of separately(76.2%). (3) It is desirable for medical specialists to visit geriatric patients at home to provide physical therapy(82.9%). (4) Hospitals specializing in physical therapy for geriatric patient are required(85.6%). Based on the result for this research, the following suggestions are presented to facilitate the utilization of health care institution for the welfare of geriatric patients. Medical facilities such as elderly hospital and geriatric patient's medical center specializing in elderly people must be constructed as early as possible; and home-visiting physical therapist system must be important to treat chronic geriatric patients; our government must establish policies to provide the old ages with means for the health care and curing chronic diseases, and carry out the plans of reasonable distribution and effective untilization of medical resources.