• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.393-402
• /
• 2001

A computational model representative of cardiovascular circulation was built using 12 standard lumped compartments. Especially, both the baroreceptor reflex and the cardiopulmonary reflex control model were implemented to explain the auto-regulation of cardiovascular system. Another important aspect of this model is to utilize the impulse-response curve of the nerve system in transferring the impulse error signals to autonomous nerve system. For the verification of this model, we have computed the normal hemodynamic conditions and compared those with the clinical data. Then. hemodynamic shock of 20% hemorrhage to cardiovascular system was simulated to test the effects of the control system model. The results of these two simulations were well matched with the experimental ones. The steady state LBNP simulation was also performed. The transient changes of hemodynamic variables due to ramp increase of bias pressure of LBNP showed good agreement with the physiological experiments. Numerical solution using only the baroreflex model showed relatively a larger deviation from the experimental data. compared with the one using the control model haying both the baroreflex and the cardiopulmonary reflex systems, which shows an important role of the cardiopulmonary reflex system for the simulation of the hemodynamic behavior of the cardiovascular system .

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.903-910
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the applicability of muffins and the optimal ratio of batter mixture by adding mugwort with various functions and physiological active substances. In result of examining the quality characteristics of muffins after adding frozen-dried mugwort powder by 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, or 7%, the moisture retaining capacity of muffin batter was lowest with MPM0, the control group, and the deposition was highest at $17.94m{\ell}$ with MPM0. The pH value of muffin batter was highest at 8.62 with MPM0 and moisture decreased significantly (p<0.001) when more mugwort powder was added to the sample. The brightness increased significantly (p<0.001) when the amount of frozen-dried mugwort powder decreased and redness and yellowness decreased when the addition of mugwort powder increased. The height and volume of mugwort muffins were lowest at 4.75 cm and $135.69m{\ell}$ with MPM7 with the greatest value of frozen-dried mugwort powder. The loss at baking of mugwort muffins was lowest at 2.27% with MPM7. The hardness of mugwort muffins was highest with MPM7 with the highest mugwort powder content. Coagulation and resilience was highest at 0.64 with the MPM0 control group and the chewiness increased significantly (p<0.001) with greater amount of frozen-dried mugwort powder. The appearance of mugwort muffins was highest at 6.1 with MPM5 and the most preferable color and flavors were found with MPM3. Tenderness was highest with the MPM0 control group. Overall preferability was highest with MPM3 with 3% frozen-dried mugwort powder. When adding frozen-dried mugwort powder to muffins, the 3% and control groups mostly showed the highest values, whereas the 5% group and higher groups showed lower values.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.1362-1373
• /
• 2004

In studying the specific effects of some drugs, animals under experiments get some stress through laboratory environments, drug injection, and adaptation period. These stimuli do harms on liver function. Nowadays studies on liver intoxication and its protection are under research, but the function of dissolution is rarely under studies. It is widely accepted that Soshiho-tang has function of clearing away low spirits, and that it enables liver bloods to move stronger, and to have calm mind. So I injured rats liver by injectioning CCI₄. And the rats took in Soshiho-tang solution. I made a comparison between the functions before and after rat's liver damage. There are many representative serums used to note an index on liver damage. I used total protein, albumin, ALP, GOT, GPT activity, P450, SOD, Catalase, GST, GR, and GPx. I got the following results. When Soshiho-tang was injected after CCI4 intoxication, total protein and albumin decreased. When Soshiho-tang was injected, ALP decreased, compared with control group. When Soshiho-tang was injected after CCI₄ intoxication, AST and ALT decreased. When Soshiho-tang was injected before CCI₄ intoxication, P450 was restrained. When Soshiho-tang was injected, LPO was all restrained. When Soshiho-tang was injected, SOD, Catalase, GST, GR, and, GPx increased. These results show that blood test reveals that it is good to inject Soshiho-tang after CCI₄ intoxication, but that it is good to inject Soshiho-tang before CCI₄ intoxication in case of P450, LPO, SOD, Catalase, GST, GR, and GPx. It is estimated that the medication period and time of liver damage by CCI₄ have counter results, and that it needs more modified study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2005

In Chinese philosophy, the concept of Yin and Yang, in the era of the Early China, applies to many more philosophical categories than merely the relationship between the sunny side and the shady side of the sun. A whole series of possible interactions between the Yin and Yang in life is contained in the Chinese Book of Changes, the I Ching. The philosophical theory and the origin of natural sciences of the I Ching is imbued in the Nei Ching. having absorbed and developed the essence of Book of Changes, the Nei Ching reflects the spirit of science. Under the influence of Book of Changes, as well as its idea of Yin and Yang, peculiar at the time, the Nei Ching adapts the essences of the theory of Yin and Yang. The contribution made by the Nei Ching to the development of the philosophical concepts of Yin and Yang lies in that it combines those philosophical concepts with medicine and makes this the basic theory of Chinese medicine. In the Nei Ching, the Yin and Yang theory asserts that the human body is an organic whole, and there exists an organic connection between all tissues and structures. Therefore, the Yin and Yang functions as an essential life that plays a major role of the organic interrelation, the mutual control, and the mutual assistance. Yet, at the same time, each of them can be divided into the opposite aspects of yin and yang. Yin and yang depend on each other for existence. Without yin, there would be no yang, Without yang, there would be no yin. Neither can exist in isolation. Thus the interrelation of Yin and Yang is premised on the two opposite forces and aspects as the underlying cause of all change of Yin and Yang.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.124-129
• /
• 2005

Resveratrol, a phytoalexin found at high levels in grapes and in grape products such as red wine, has been reported to possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities including anti-oxident, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic effects, but its molecular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of resveratrol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced growth inhibitory activity and cell growth-regulatory gene products in astroglioma C6 cells to elucidate its possible mechanism for anti-cytotoxicity. It is shown that LPS induced time-dependent growth inhibition and morphological changes of C6 cells, which were recovered by pre-treatment with resveratrol. The anti-proliferative effect of LPS was associated with the induction of tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 (WAF1/CIP1) expression assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in time-dependent manner in C6 cells. In addition, the pro-apoptotic Bax expression was also up-regulated in LPS-treated C6 cells without alteration of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. However, resveratrol significantly inhibited LPS-induced p53, p21 and Bax levels, suggesting that the modulation of p53, p21 and Bax levels could be one of the possible pathways by which resveratrol functions as anti-cytotoxic agent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.1331-1336
• /
• 2004

The present study evaluated the beneficial effect of new diabetic formula(NDF) in diabetic rats. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were used. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intramuscular injections of streptozotocin(STZ, 50㎎/㎏). The extracts of NDF were orally administered at low or high dose two times a day to fasted diabetic rats for 3 weeks. Adminstration of NDF alliviated a significant reduction in weight gain in rats with STZ-induced diabetes. Following acute and repeated treatment, low dose of NDF suppressed the blood glucose concentrations of fasted diabetic rats. Repeated adminstration of NDF for 21 days improved liver and kidney functions in diabetic rats, as indicated by decline of serum alanine aminotransferase(AL T), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatinine level and kidney weights. The present study showed that NDF exerted antihyperglycemic effects and alliviated liver and renal damages caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.993-999
• /
• 2008

Ischemic brain injury such as cerebral infarction is characterized by acute local inflammatory response mediated by cytokines. The mechanism of cytokines involved in cerebral infarction progression are uncompletely revealed yet. We investigated to find out the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of interleukin 4 receptor(IL4R) and Oriental Medicine therapy efficacy in patients with cerebral infarction for 2 weeks. Oriental Korean Medicine therapies (herbal medicine and acupuncture) were applied daily and motor functions of patients were assessed using the modified cerebral vascular accident (MCVA) scores. Genotyping for IL4R polymorphism was done by pyrosequencing analysis. In IL4R genotypes and the frequency of alleles, there was no significant difference between cerebral infarction patients (n=124) and controls group (n=175). And there was also no significant difference among good and bad responders in cerebral infarction patients. In this study the IL4R genotype might not be the risk factor or a good predictive genetic marker for good and bad responders in cerebral infarction patients in Korean. Further studies including different cytokine genes will be necessary for the exact genetic markers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 1990

To evaluate tobacco quality, several mathods including sensory test, or measurement of some toxic compounds such as tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke have been used. However, many detrimental effects of smoking on the physiological functions including respiratory system reported were turned out to be the action of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the amounts of oxygen free radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical, even hydrogen peroxide in the cigarette smoke are thought the very important factors. In the present study, we have determined the generation of superoxide and the content of hydrogen peroxide using superoxide dismutase and catalase in the gas and particulate phases obtained from cigarette smoke, respectively. In the aqueous extracts of total particulate materials, suproxide and hydrogen peroxide were detected, and there was an excellent correlation between oxygen tint of oxygen free radicals in cigarette smoke may be a useful index for evaluation of cigarette quality in the aspect of smoking and health.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2004

The history of studies in biology regarding reactive oxygen species (ROS) is approximately 40 years. During the initial 30 years, it appeared that these studies were mainly focused on the toxicity of ROS. However, recent studies have identified another action regarding oxidative signaling, other than toxicity of ROS. Basically, it is suggested that ROS are reactive, and degenerate to biomolecules such as DNA and proteins, leading to deterioration of cellular functions as an oxidative stress. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that ROS act as oxidative signaling in cells, resulting in various gene expressions. Recently ROS emerged as critical signaling molecules in cardiovascular research. Several studies over the past decade have shown that physiological effects of vasoactive factors are mediated by these reactive species and, conversely, that altered redox mechanisms are implicated in the occurrence of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases ROS is a collective term often used by scientist to include not only the oxygen radicals($O2^{-{\cdot}},\;{^{\cdot}}OH$), but also some non-radical derivatives of oxygen. These include hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and ozone (O3). The superoxide anion ($O2^{-{\cdot}}$) is formed by the univalent reduction of triplet-state molecular oxygen ($^3O_2$). Superoxide dismutase (SOD)s convert superoxide enzymically into hydrogen peroxide. In biological tissues superoxide can also be converted nonenzymically into the nonradical species hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$). In the presence of reduced transition metals (e.g., ferrous or cuprous ions), hydrogen peroxide can be converted into the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (${^{\cdot}}OH$). Alternatively, hydrogen peroxide may be converted into water by the enzymes catalase or glutathione peroxidase. In the glutathione peroxidase reaction glutathione is oxidized to glutathione disulfide, which can be converted back to glutathione by glutathione reductase in an NADPH-consuming process.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.621-626
• /
• 2011

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a heterotrimeric complex comprising a catalytic ${\alpha}$ subunit and regulatory ${\beta}$ and ${\gamma}$ subunits, has been primarily studied as a major metabolic regulator in various organisms, but recent genetic studies discover its novel physiological functions. The first animal model with no functional AMPK ${\gamma}$ subunit gene was generated by using Drosophila genetics. AMPK ${\gamma}$ flies demonstrated lethality with severe defects in cuticle formation. Further histological analysis found that deletion of AMPK ${\gamma}$ causes severe defects in cell polarity in embryo epithelia. The phosphorylation of nonmuscle myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC), a critical regulator of epithelial cell polarity, was also diminished in AMPK ${\gamma}$ embryo epithelia. These defects in AMPK ${\gamma}$ mutant epithelia were successfully restored by over-expression of AMPK ${\gamma}$. Collectively, these results suggested that AMPK ${\gamma}$ is a critical cell polarity regulator in metazoan development.