• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Recently, the widespread distribution of pesticides in the hive has been of concern about pesticide exposure on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) health. Larval toxicity was adapted to assess the synergistic and antagonistic interaction of cumulative mortality to the honeybee larvae of the four most common pesticides detected in pollen. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acetamiprid($3.0{\mu}l/L$), chlorothalonil ($803.0{\mu}l/L$), coumaphos ($128.0{\mu}l/L$), and tau-fluvalinate ($123.0{\mu}l/L$) were tested in combination; binary, ternary and four component mixture. Larvae were exposed to four pesticides mixed in diet at the average levels detected in pollen. As a result, synthetic toxicity was observed in the binary mixture of acetamiprid with coumaphos. The binary and ternary component mixtures of tested pesticides have mostly demonstrated additive effect in larval bees. The significant antagonistic effects were found in four parings of mixtures including chlorothalonil added to acetamiprid/tau-fluvalinate or acetamiprid/coumaphos/tau-fluvalinate, and tau-fluvalinate added to acetamiprid/chlorothalonil or acetamiprid/coumaphos/chlorothalonil. CONCLUSION: Interactions between combinations of four pesticides showed mostly additive or antagonistic effects in larval bees. Therefore, predicting the larval mortality of pesticides mixtures on the basis of the results of single pesticide may actually overestimate the risk. We suggest that pesticide mixture in pollen be evaluated by adding their toxicity together for complete data on interactions.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.57-61
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• 2001

Tank mixing application of pesticides has been used to reduce labor and to control wide spectrum of pests, but it may cause significant pesticide poisoning on human and animals due to carelessness. The toxic response of pesticides for the tank mixtures and mixtures was investigated to determine acute toxicity and enzymatic change using experimental animals. Acute oral toxicity and acute dermal toxicity were tested by RDA test guideline. The $LD_{50}$ was calculated by probit analysis method and cholinesterase was measured with automatic analyzer. The toxicities were generally higher than estimated toxicities in tank mixing and mixture. Serum cholinesterase activity was inhibited more than expected at the dose levels of 1/5, 1/10 and 1/20 of $LD_{50}$. Therefore, the results of this study showed that acute toxicity caused by the pesticide mixtures should be considered before the tank mixing method is applied.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

Pest control is required for protecting the food supply and for controlling disease vectors. Unfortunately, there is no perfectly safe form of pest control. Pesticides are commonly used for pest control. Pesticides are defined under the US Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) as any substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or dessicant(40 CFR Part 152). Currently in the United States, there are 890 active ingredients registered as pesticides. Approximately one billion pounds of active ingredient are used in the US per year. Unlike most chemicals(anti-neoplastic and anti-micobial medications are the principal exceptions), pesticides are specifically designed to kill and cause harm. Because society allows these chemicals to be disseminated into the environment, it is important to monitor the health effects associated with these releases. This represents an important justification for establishing and maintaining surveillance systems for acute pesticide-related illness and injury. A comprehensive, national surveillance system for acute pesticide-related illness and injury does not currently exist in the US. Although the United States has several surveillance systems for this condition, none provide a complete understanding of the problem of acute pesticide-related illness and injury. The Toxic Exposure Surveillance System(TESS) and Bureau of Labor Statisitics(BLS) are useful for assessing magnitude and trends. The state-based surveillance systems are more useful for timely identification of outbreaks and emerging problems. Efforts are underway to increase the number of states that conduct surveillance, and to broaden the use of the standardized case definition to facilitate aggregation of data across states. Through such efforts, a comprehensive, national surveillance system may be attainable.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.188-197
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• 2003

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter hormone regulation that control reproductive system in animals. The effects of endosulfan, molinate, and alachlor that suspected to have examined disruption EDCs effect on a fish species of interest, Xiphophorus helleri (swordtail fish), were studied using vitellogenin (Vtg) and aromatase as diagnostic biomarkers. Induction of Vtg proteins was detected by RT-PCR in male fish treated with alachlor, and mixture of endosulfan and molinate in dose response manner. Also, induction of aromatase was detected by RT-PCR in male fish treated with alachlor, endosulfan, and mixture of endosulfan and molinate in sinlilar manner. In this study, swordtail fish exposed to endosulfan or molinate individually did not show any adverse effects. However, Vtg and aromatase expressions and apoptosis were detected in swordtail. fish exposed to the mixture of endosulfan and molinate. These results suggested that low concentrations of mixture of molinate and endosulfan individually do not affect swordtail fish, but may influence genital system, and induce apoptosis.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.228-239
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the symptom prevalence of acute pesticide poisoning among farmers in Gyeong-gi province and to investigate the occupational risk factors. Methods: The subjects were 663 farmers using pesticide directly or indirectly and the survey was performed during 2013. 7. 11 - 2014. 8. 27. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0. Results: The prevalence of acute pesticide poisoning was 6.63% and dizziness was the most common symptom. Acute pesticide poisoning was related with 'days of pesticide use per year', 'lifetime pesticide application days', 'the number of pesticide mixture' and 'type of farming'. Conclusions: It is necessary to manage and educate the pesticide poisoning-vulnerable group more systematically. Afterward additional study is needed to investigate the farming safety behavior and delicate amount of pesticide exposure.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.168-174
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• 2014

It was conducted to evaluate the control efficacy of Bordeaux mixture on pepper anthracnose in vitro and in vivo. The suppressive efficacy of Bordeaux mixture on mycelial growth and spore germination of Colletotrichum acutatum was investigated on PDA, cellophane membranes and pepper fruits, respectively. Furthermore, its control value was evaluated on detached pepper fruits inoculated with C. acutatum by wound and non-wound inoculation method, and in fields. The mycelial growth of C. acutatum JC24 was inhibited by 90.0% on PDA amended with $937{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of Bordeaux mixture. While the spore germination of C. acutatum JC24 was inhibited perfectly on cellophane membranes treated at $187{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of Bordeaux mixture, that on fruits inoculated with the pathogen by wound inoculation and non-wound inoculation method was inhibited by 88.1% and 91.3%, respectively. Although the control value on fruits treated with $937{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of Bordeaux mixture was 17.6% in wound inoculation method, it was 58.8% in non-wound inoculation method. In fields, when Bordeaux mixture was sprayed five times at 14 day-intervals, it showed 55.7% and 61.7% of control value in 2012 and 2013, respectively. We think Bordeaux mixture was able to use as an eco-friendly organic farming material to control pepper anthracnose based on the above-mentioned results.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 2015

To enhance Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) efficacy, four Cry toxins were purified from four different Bt strains and assessed in their combined efficacy. The Cry mixtures significantly expanded their target insect spectra. Bacterial culture broth of Xenorhabdus nematophila (Xn) significantly suppressed insect cellular immune response and increased Cry toxicity. The addition of Xn culture broth to Cry mixture significantly enhanced Bt efficacy in target insect spectrum and insecticidal activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.292-299
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• 2016

Background: We previously reported that two-phase partition chromatography between ginseng water extract and soybean oil efficiently eliminated pesticide residues. However, an undesirable odor and an unpalatable taste unique to soybean oil were two major disadvantages of the method. This study was carried out to find an alternative vegetable oil that is cost effective, labor effective, and efficient without leaving an undesirable taste and smell. Methods: We employed six vegetable oils that were available at a grocery store. A 1-mL sample of the corresponding oil containing a total of 32 pesticides, representing four categories, was mixed with 10% aqueous ginseng extract (20 mL) and equivalent vegetable oil (7 mL) in Falcon tubes. The final concentration of the pesticides in the mixture (28 mL) was adjusted to approximately 2 ppm. In addition, pesticides for spiking were clustered depending on the analytical equipment (GC/HPLC), detection mode (electron capture detector/nitrogen-phosphorus detector), or retention time used. Samples were harvested and subjected to quantitative analysis of the pesticides. Results: Soybean oil demonstrated the highest efficiency in partitioning pesticide residues in the ginseng extract to the oil phase. However, canola oil gave the best result in an organoleptic test due to the lack of undesirable odor and unpalatable taste. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative changes of ginsenosides evaluated by TLC and HPLC, respectively, revealed no notable change before or after canola oil treatment. Conclusion: We suggest that canola oil is an excellent vehicle with respect to its organoleptic property, cost-effectiveness and efficiency of eliminating pesticide residues in ginseng extract.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.253-264
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• 2009

This study was conducted to establish agricultural practices to control diseases and insects for chemical pesticide-free cultivation of leafy vegetables. Two diseases, gray mold(Botrytis cinerea) and soft rot(Erwinia carotovora), on lettuce were reduced by controlling temperature and humidity using air-circulation fan. The aphidophagous lady beetle(Harmonia axyridis) and primary parasitoids(Aphidius colemani) showed activity to control aphids density on Chinese cabbage. Co-application of cooking oil and yolk mixture (COY) and BT(Bacillus thuringiensis) decreased diseases including soft rot(Erwinia carotovora), downy mildew(Peronospora brassicae Gaumann), and powdery mildew(Eryslphe polygoni), and insects such as diamondback moth(Plutella xylostella) and beet armyworm(Spodoptera exigua Hubner). Neem extract treatment reduced downy mildew(Peronospora destructor) on Welsh onion.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.434-438
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• 2014

The mixture of fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin or the 9 time-spray schedule with various fungicides was evaluated for their efficacy in controlling pear scab in field trials. It showed sufficient condition to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides for the control of pear scab since disease incidence of the untreated control plot was 58.4% or 100% on leaves or fruits, respectively. Pear scab on leaves was occurred by 6.3% at treated plot with the mixture of fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin, resulting in the 89.2% of control value. Incidence of the fruit disease was 16.7% at treated plot with the mixture of fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin, showing 83.3% of control value. When the 9 time-spray schedule was tested, pear scab was occurred by 5% or 13.3% on leaves or fruits, respectively. Their control values were the 91.4% on leaves or 86.7% on fruits. Although the 9 time-spray schedule showed slightly lower disease incidence than the mixture of fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin, but there is no statistically significant difference. These results suggest that the mixture of fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin can control effectively the pear scab.