• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.153-166
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate consumers' perceptions on monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) in social media. Data were collected from Naver blogs and Naver web communities (Korean representative portal web-site), and media reports including comment sections on a Yonhap news website (Korean largest news agency). The results from Naver blogs and Naver web communities showed that it was primarily mentioned MSG-use restaurant reviews, 'MSG-no added' products, its safety, and methods of reducing MSG in food. When TV shows on current affairs, newspaper, or TV news reported uses and side effects of MSG, search volume for MSG has increased in both PC and mobile search engines. Search volume has increased especially when TV shows on current affairs reported it. There are more periods with increased search volume for Mobile than PC. Also, it was mainly commented about safety of MSG, criticism of low-quality foods, abuse of MSG, and distrust of government below the news on the Yonhap news site. The label of MSG-no added products in market emphasized "MSG-free" even though it is allocated as an acceptable daily intake (ADI) not-specified by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). When consumers search for MSG (monosodium L-glutamate) or purchase food on market, they might perceive that 'MSG-no added' products are better. Competent authorities, offices of education and local government provide guidelines based on no added MSG principle and these policies might affect consumers' perceptions. TV program or news program could be a powerful and effective consumer communication channel about MSG through Mobile rather than PC. Therefore media including TV should report item on monosodium L-glutamate with responsibility and information based on scientific background for consumers to get reliable information.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-180
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• 2010

Purpose: As PET test came to be covered by the pay system of medical insurance (July 1, 2006) and the needs for it becoming increased for laboratory purpose, it became necessary to purchase expensive medical equipments to solve those problems. However, as most of equipments that are operated by cyclotron are very expensive as to amount from tens of millions up to hundreds of millions of won, it is difficult to purchase those equipments from the point of medical organizations. It may be possible to self manufacture those equipments with least costs if their parts functions that meets the operators demands. The Nuclear Medicine department of National Cancer Center (NCC) is trying to manufacture and use equipments that can be made with least costs, including introducing 2 medical equipments that can improves the operator's works. Materials and Methods: Example 1: Self production of radioisotope($^{18}F$) divider was fabricated. The NCC's Nuclear Medicine department acquired one acrylic panel, seven 3-way valve, tubing etc. that can be found in the market to make the main body of divider in cooperation with biomedical engineering, and placed them inside hot cell, and installed switching box outside of hot cell to make it possible to control them from outside. This main body of divider were placed in radioisotope transfer line that are manufactured in the cyclotron. Example 2: Self production of $^{18}F$-FDG automated divider was fabricated. The NCC's Nuclear Medicine department used cavro pump syringe that consists the main body of divider in cooperation with biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering developed programs that divides a certain amount. $^{18}F$-FDG automated divider is placed inside hot cell, and cable chords were used in the equipment, and then it was connected to PC outside hot cell to make it possible to control the $^{18}F$-FDG automated divider. Results: From the NCC's Nuclear Medicine department tests that were carried out from March, 2007 until now, we found out that radioisotope can be sent to radiopharmaceuticals composite module we want, and from the tests that are carried out at NCC's Nuclear Medicine department using $^{18}F$-FDG automated divider since August, 2009 it was possible to distribute radiopharmaceuticals into vial intended. Conclusion: Through the two examples above, we found out that costs can be reduced by self manufacturing expensive equipments from NCC's cyclotron room with least costs. Also, it decreased radiation exposure dose on workers, and set up problem solving processes in cooperation with lots of parties related.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-41
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• 2016

Recently, the proliferation of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet personal computers and the development of information communication technologies (ICT) have led to a big trend of a shift from single-channel shopping to multi-channel shopping. With the emergence of a "smart" group of consumers who want to shop in more reasonable and convenient ways, the boundaries apparently dividing online and offline shopping have collapsed and blurred more than ever before. Thus, there is now fierce competition between online and offline channels. Ever since the emergence of online shopping, a major type of multi-channel shopping has been "showrooming," where consumers visit offline stores to examine products before buying them online. However, because of the growing use of smart devices and the counterattack of offline retailers represented by omni-channel marketing strategies, one of the latest huge trends of shopping is "webrooming," where consumers visit online stores to examine products before buying them offline. This has become a threat to online retailers. In this situation, although it is very important to examine the influencing factors for switching from online shopping to webrooming, most prior studies have mainly focused on a single- or multi-channel shopping pattern. Therefore, this study thoroughly investigated the influencing factors on customers switching from online shopping to webrooming in terms of both the "search" and "purchase" processes through the application of a push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework. In order to test the research model, 280 individual samples were gathered from undergraduate and graduate students who had actual experience with webrooming. The results of the structural equation model (SEM) test revealed that the "pull" effect is strongest on the webrooming intention rather than the "push" or "mooring" effects. This proves a significant relationship between "attractiveness of webrooming" and "webrooming intention." In addition, the results showed that both the "perceived risk of online search" and "perceived risk of online purchase" significantly affect "distrust of online shopping." Similarly, both "perceived benefit of multi-channel search" and "perceived benefit of offline purchase" were found to have significant effects on "attractiveness of webrooming" were also found. Furthermore, the results indicated that "online purchase habit" is the only influencing factor that leads to "online shopping lock-in." The theoretical implications of the study are as follows. First, by examining the multi-channel shopping phenomenon from the perspective of "shopping switching" from online shopping to webrooming, this study complements the limits of the "channel switching" perspective, represented by multi-channel freeriding studies that merely focused on customers' channel switching behaviors from one to another. While extant studies with a channel switching perspective have focused on only one type of multi-channel shopping, where consumers just move from one particular channel to different channels, a study with a shopping switching perspective has the advantage of comprehensively investigating how consumers choose and navigate among diverse types of single- or multi-channel shopping alternatives. In this study, only limited shopping switching behavior from online shopping to webrooming was examined; however, the results should explain various phenomena in a more comprehensive manner from the perspective of shopping switching. Second, this study extends the scope of application of the push-pull-mooring framework, which is quite commonly used in marketing research to explain consumers' product switching behaviors. Through the application of this framework, it is hoped that more diverse shopping switching behaviors can be examined in future research. This study can serve a stepping stone for future studies. One of the most important practical implications of the study is that it may help single- and multi-channel retailers develop more specific customer strategies by revealing the influencing factors of webrooming intention from online shopping. For example, online single-channel retailers can ease the distrust of online shopping to prevent consumers from churning by reducing the perceived risk in terms of online search and purchase. On the other hand, offline retailers can develop specific strategies to increase the attractiveness of webrooming by letting customers perceive the benefits of multi-channel search or offline purchase. Although this study focused only on customers switching from online shopping to webrooming, the results can be expanded to various types of shopping switching behaviors embedded in single- and multi-channel shopping environments, such as showrooming and mobile shopping.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.325-344
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• 2014

Technical support of Window XP ended in March, 8, 2014, and it makes OS(Operating System) users fall in a state of confusion. Sudden decision making of OS upgrade and replacement is not a simple problem. Firms need to change the long term capacity plan in enterprise IS management, but they are pressed for time and cost to complete it. Individuals can not help selecting the second best plan, because the following OSs of Window XP are below expectations in performances, new PC sales as the opportunities of OS upgrade decrease, and the potential risk of OS technical support ending had not announced to OS users at the point of purchase. Microsoft as the OS vendors had not presented precaution or remedy for this confusion. Rather, Microsoft announced that the technical support of the other following OSs of Wndow XP such as Window 7 would ended in two years. This conflict between OS vendor and OS users could not happen in one time, but could recur in recent future. Although studies on the ways of OS user protection policy would be needed to escape from this conflict, few prior studies had conducted this issue. This study had challenge to cautiously investigate in such OS user's reactions as the confirmation with OS user's expectation in the point of purchase, three types of justice perception on the treatment of OS vendor, psychological contract violation, satisfaction and the other betrayal behavioral intention in the case of Window XP technical support ending. By adopting the justice perception on this research, and by empirically validating the impact on OS user's reactions, I could suggest the direction of establishing OS user protection policy of OS vendor. Based on the expectation-confirmation theory, the theory of justice, literatures about psychological contract violation, and studies about consumer betrayal behaviors in the perspective of Herzberg(1968)'s dual factor theory, I developed the research model and hypothesis. Expectation-confirmation theory explain that consumers had expectation on the performance of product in the point of sale, and they could satisfied with their purchase behaviors, when the expectation could have confirmed in the point of consumption. The theory of justice in social exchange argues that treatee could be willing to accept the treatment by treater when the three types of justice as distributive, procedural, and interactional justice could be established in treatment. Literatures about psychological contract violation in human behaviors explains that contracter in a side could have the implied contract (also called 'psychological contract') which the contracter in the other side would sincerely execute the contract, and that they are willing to do vengeance behaviors when their contract had unfairly been broken. When the psychological contract of consumers had been broken, consumers feel distrust with the vendors and are willing to decrease such beneficial attitude and behavior as satisfaction, loyalty and repurchase intention. At the same time, consumers feel betrayal and are willing to increase such retributive attitude and behavior as negative word-of-mouth, complain to the vendors, complain to the third parties for consumer protection. We conducted a scenario survey in order to validate our research model at March, 2013, when is the point of news released firstly and when is the point of one year before the acture Window XP technical support ending. We collected the valid data from 238 voluntary participants who are the OS users but had not yet exposed the news of Window OSs technical support ending schedule. The subject had been allocated into two groups and one of two groups had been exposed this news. The data had been analyzed by the MANOVA and PLS. MANOVA results indicate that the OSs technical support ending could significantly decrease all three types of justice perception. PLS results indicated that it could significantly increase psychological contract violation and that this increased psychological contract violation could significantly reduce the trust and increase the perceived betrayal. Then, it could significantly reduce satisfaction, loyalty, and repurchase intention, and it also could significantly increase negative word-of-month intention, complain to the vendor intention, and complain to the third party intention. All hypothesis had been significantly approved. Consequently, OS users feel that the OSs technical support ending is not natural value added service ending, but the violation of the core OS purchase contract, that it could be the posteriori prohibition of OS user's OS usage right, and that it could induce the psychological contract violation of OS users. This study would contributions to introduce the psychological contract violation of the OS users from the OSs technical support ending in IS field, to introduce three types of justice as the antecedents of psychological contract violation, and to empirically validate the impact of psychological contract violation both on the beneficial and retributive behavioral intentions of OS users. For practice, the results of this study could contribute to make more comprehensive OS user protection policy and consumer relationship management practices of OS vendor.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

As the computing power of the mobile devices is improving rapidly, many kinds of web services are also available in mobile devices just as Email service. Mobile Mail Service began early, but this service is mostly limited in some specified mobile devices such as Smart Phone. That is a limitation that users have to purchase specified phone to be benefited from Mobile Mail Service. In this thesis, it developed new kind of Mobile Mail System named Smart Mobile Mail System based MPEG21-DIDL Markup, and solved above problem. DIDL could be converted to other Markup types which are displayed in mobile devices by Mobile Gate Server. By transforming PC Web Mail contents including attachment document to DIDL Markup through Mobile Gate Server, the Mobile Mail Service could be available for all kinds of mobile device. The Smart Mobile Mail System also performs real time alarming service for new Email using Callback URL SMS. When there is new Email arriving, the Mail System sends a Call back URL SMS to user. User could directly check Email through Callback URL SMS in real time.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.139-162
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• 2015

Purpose This study reviews technology acceptance research in the information system area and consumer behavior research in the marketing area, sets characteristics of convergence products, personality of consumers and communication channels as main concepts and demonstrates their effects on 'relative level of attraction' and 'intent to adoption. Design/methodology/approach The survey was conducted against potential consumers who have the intent to purchase electric communication media products that provides a variety of functions and service, such as a smart TV, a tablet PC and a smart watch. All items were adapted from previous literature and revised as appropriate the purpose of this study and measured on a 7-point Likert scale with answer choices ranging from "strongly disagree" (1) to (7) "strongly agree." Totally, 300 respondents participated in the survey. Out of the 276 respondents, incomplete or invalid 24 were discarded. With them, SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 20.0 for structural equation modeling were used for the analysis. Findings Main findings are as followed;- First, it is found that 'interrelationship of technology' and 'functional diversification' of convergence products has positive effects on relative level of attraction. Second, perceived behavior control has significant effects on the intent to adoption convergence products. Third, communication through mass media has positive effects on making potential consumers feel attraction about products while there is no relationship with the intent to a. On the other hands, it is demonstrated that there is no relationship influential relationship between communication through interpersonal channels and relative level of attraction while communication through interpersonal channels has significant effects on the intent to adoption.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.68-80
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• 1995

Housewife plays a significant role in maintaining a health family life. If she can not function adequately due to high stress, it will affect quality of life of the household members. It also interferes with the normal process of family development. Futhermore, dysfunctional family will have effects on morale of the servicemen in military. This is a descriptive study. The main purpose of this study is to compare the level and types of stress between a group of military wives and a group of civilian wives and provide a data which can be used to develop a stress management program. Sample consist with 250 military wives and 250 civilian wives residing in metro Seoul area. Data collection was done during October 4, 1994-November 30, 1994. Stress was measured with the instrument developed by the researcher. The cronbach's ${\alpha}$ score of the instrument was .91. The data was analyzed by using SPSS-PC. The results of this study are : 1. The stress score was 47.09 for military wives, 36.56 for civilian wives. The range of score was 0-192. The stress level of military wives was greater than civilian wives. (t=4.80, P<.000) 2. The rank order of stressors of military wives were 1) move 2) residential environment 3) purchase of house 4) holidays. The rank order of stressors of civilian wives were 1) husband late return after work 2) arguments with husband 3) holidays 4) husband's drinking problem. The result shows that the main stressors of military wives are frequent moves, residential environment, uncertainty of the future, unsafe work environment of husband, and the lack of private life which are all associated with the military. Therefore, it is urgently needed to distribute this facts through military journal to understand the characteristic of the stress of military wives, and to develope appropriate health care program to lessen the stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.219-222
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• 2013

Recently, rapid innovation of Smartphone is changing the paradigm of our daily life. With the launch of Apple iPhone, there is an explosion of interest in Smartphone itself as well as Internet-based services using Smartphone are being revitalized. Smartphone users, opinion experts more than 99 percent of the economically active population is using, it has reached the saturation past the early stages of formation. Smartphone is equipped with a general purpose OS possible the implementation of high performance environment similar level as a personal computer. Also, it is a mobile communication terminal scalable which can be removed or installed various applications. New information technology like Smartphone gives us a very important and interesting research issue that is to find and prove the factors influencing the purchase intention. At this point, study identifying on the influence factors to the behavioral intention of Smartphone is very important. This study was targeted a total of 99 research papers that are setting up the related Smartphone in among the research papers published in domestic academic journals since 2008. Empirical research related behavioral intention using was summarized on the papers 76.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.487-503
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• 1993

This study was designed to investigate the situation of adolescent drug use in Seoul, and to com-pare this with the 1991 survey in order to better understand the present situation. The subject for this study were 1000 students in High School and Middle School. The data were collected during the period from september 1, 1992 to December 30, 1992. The guestionnaire developed by Kim So Ya Ja (1991) to survey adolescent drug use was used. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, 1-test and ANOVA with the SPSS program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows 1. Prevalence of Substance use : Antihistamines were used by 0.3% of adolescent, Sedatives 0.6%, Stimulants 8.1%, Hallucinogens 0.9%, Inhalants 3.2%, Narcotics 1.7%, and Analgetics 154.3%. 2. Trend in substance use compared to the 1991 surbey : Alcohol use increased from 52.8% to 63.7% and narcotics from 0.6% to 1.7%, while Smeking, Analgetics, Antihistamines, Sedatives, and Inhalants showed a decrease. 3. Smoking and Alcohol use : Twenty five percent of school adolescent had experienced cigarette smoking and 63.7% of school adolescent had experienced alcohol use. 4. Motives for drug use : The highest was avoidence of sleep at 49.4% and the next highest was adventure seeking at 27.7%. As to feeling after drug use, 34.3％ felt apathy, 22.8% had feelings of sleepiness and unconsciousness. 5. Places were dreg were purchased : The most frequent was the drug store (78.3%) and 84.4% of the respondents answered that drug purchase was easy and 86.7% that drug use was mainly at home. 6. Related Variables : There was a statistically significent high score for drug and alcohol use by adolescents whose fathers used drugs. (PC.05) In conclusion, adolescents in Seoul showed in decrease in the tendency to use drugs compared to the 1991 survey, however drugs which are habit-forming and lead to dependency are still being abused. Therefore, counter-plans and preventive stratiges are important.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.368-372
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• 2002

Channel of distribution of contents of digitalised multimedia contents is changing in form passed directly to consumer from manufacturer through digital network of high speed. Together, diffusion of various digital equipment that do is changing Past multimedia consumption structure with the wonderful speed so that can consume easily digital contents. Specially, Multimedia Personal Computer and fast diffusion of a digital television are acting role such as catalyst that promote easy purchase and consumption of multimedia contents of good qualify. However, this system is no method that can sell digital contents and express right that original owner for the contents can insist nothing but consume. Because consumer can distribute to another person copying contents that buy because of and user can distribute producing ashes again according to necessary field by oneself as well as, can lose meaning for original contents. In this paper, Text editing system for XrML (extensible Rights Markup Language) that describe about integrity of message and entity authentication in addition to necessary rights, fees, condition etc. and this to do fetters XML (eXtensible Markup Language) for copyright protection for digital contents in treatise that see hereupon and use digital contents design and embody.