• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2013

This study was carried out to determine the optimum harvest stage of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) for maximum forage production during the spring season in Suwon, 2010. The variety of IRG was the early maturity type, 'Kowinearly', and six harvest stages (treatments) were first heading (T1), heading (T2), late heading to early bloom (T3), bloom to late bloom (T4), ripeness (T5), and late ripeness stage (T6). The dates of the first heading and heading of 'Kowinearly' were seen on 4 to 5 May, and 14 May, respectively. Plant length and dry matter (DM) percentage at first harvest were from 69 cm and 14.8% at T1 stage to 103 cm and 35.0% at T6 stage, respectively. The content of crude protein (CP) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 at first harvest were 15.6%, 10.6%, 10.1%, 8.1%, 7.3% and 5.4%, and 81.8%, 72.1%, 64.8%, 63.8%, 61.4% and 59.0%, respectively. The content of neural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were increased continuously with delayed harvest. A significantly higher yield of DM, CP and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) were observed for T3, and T4 (p<0.05). DM yield of 3,526 kg, 6,278 kg, 7,842 kg, 8,984 kg, 8,346 kg and 8,008 kg/ha, CP yield of 549 kg, 665 kg, 795 kg, 725 kg, 608 kg and 430 kg/ha, and IVDDM of 2,883 kg. 4,526 kg, 5,083 kg, 5,728 kg, 5,124 kg and 4,722 kg/ha at first harvest were recorded in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Regrowth yield of DM, CP and IVDDM were shown to be higher at T1 and T2 (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the two stages. Daily DM and DDM production of regrowth IRG were higher at T2, followed by T1. The total yield (at first and at regrowth) of DM, CP and IVDDM were significant higher for T2, followed by T3, T4 and T1 in order. At T2 stage, the yield was 11,089 kg, 1,254 kg, and 7,669 kg/ha in DM, CP, and IVDDM. In conclusion, the late heading to bloom stage was determined to be the optimum harvest stage for a single harvest, while the heading stage was a suitable stage of first harvest of 'Kowinearly' where two harvests were sought in a single year.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.526-533
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate hazardous microorganisms in mixed baby leafy vegetables and various baby leafy vegetables used as raw materials for fresh-cut produce in spring and summer. To estimate microbial loads, a total of 298 samples including 181 samples of mixed baby leafy vegetables purchased in a Korean market and 117 samples of various baby leafy vegetables from distribution companies were collected. Fecal indicators (coliform and Escherichia coli) as well as food-borne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus) were enumerated. As a result, the mixed baby leafy vegetable samples showed significantly higher (P<0.05) coliform bacteria numbers in summer (5.59±1.18 log CFU/g) compared to spring (3.60±2.53 log CFU/g). E. coli was detected in 1.3% (1/79) and 42.2% (43/102) of samples collected in spring and summer, respectively. Only one sample collected from a market in spring was contaminated with S. aureus. In the experiment with baby leafy vegetables, the number of coliforms detected in baby leafy vegetables cultivated in soil in spring was 1.15±1.95 log CFU/g, and that in summer was 4.09±2.52 log CFU/g. However, the number of coliforms recovered from baby leafy vegetables cultivated in media was above 5.0 log CFU/g regardless of season. Occurrences of E. coli were 44.4% (12/27) and 19.0% (4/21) for baby leafy vegetables cultivated in soil and media, respectively. However, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected. These results are in relation to microbial loads on mixed baby leafy vegetables associated with raw materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement hygienic practices at baby leafy vegetable farms to enhance the safety of fresh produce.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2004

As one of the typical farming practices in the sloped upland in Pyeongchang and Hongcheon area, application of piling with coarse saprolite materials has been practiced by farmers for several reasons such as reduction of damage by monocropping, better development of plant roots, and better drainage. However, adverse effect on application of coarse saprolite soil materials to environmental aspects should not be ignored. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of coarse saprolite materials in upland fields in Pyeongchang area. According to particle size distribution of coarse saprolite materials, averaged gravel contents for Pyeongchang and Hongcheon county were 16.7 and 25.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference in gravel contents by soil depth, and CV values for each particle size ranged from 20 to 40%, which implied that application of coarse material with similar properties. When we compared CEC values of dressed soil with or without considering gravel content, CEC values decreased as increasing gravel contents. The penetration resistances were 0.04-7.48 MPa at the 0 to 10 cm surface soil, and 0.10 to 8.80 MPa at the depth below 11 cm. The bulk density of the soil was $1.15g\;cm^{-3}$ at the surface soil and 1.29 to $1.35g\;cm^{-3}$ at the soil depth below 10 cm. The organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and avaliable $P_2O_5$ concentrations of soil in upland where piling with saprolite materials of Pyeongchang area applied were $12.4g\;kg^{-1}$, $7.1cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, and $526mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Cation exchange capacity was lower than that of averaged Korean upland soil, while available $P_2O_5$ concentration was relatively higher than that of averaged Korean upland, which indicated high input of various fertilizers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2014

To understand changes in composition and distribution of nutrients during early shoot growth of persimmon, organic compounds and inorganic elements of terminal shoots were analyzed for about 40 days from the time of foliation. Sample shoots were collected from mature 'Fuyu' trees for this three-year experiment and they were divided to stem, leaves, and the fruits including flower buds at the earliest stage. During shoot growth, concentration of soluble sugars increased in both leaves and fruits, but that of starch increased only in leaves. Those of amino acids tended to decrease in all the parts but there was no consistent change in proteins. As shoots grew, contents of all the organic compounds in a shoot increased, and they were especially higher in May leaves accounting for more than 60% of the shoot total for each nutrient. Along with shoot growth, concentrations of N and P gradually decreased in all three parts, while K decreased only in stem. However, those of Ca and Mg did not show notable changes in all the parts with wide variations depending on the year. Due to the quantitative increase in growth, contents of inorganic elements in a shoot increased in all the parts and the leaves accounted for 54-82% of the shoot total. At the cessation time of extension growth, a shoot contained 526-768 mg of soluble sugars, 245-844 mg of starch, 26-31 mg of amino acids, and 66-103 mg of proteins for three years. On the other hand, a shoot contained 203-388 mg of K, the greatest among the inorganic elements, followed by 132-159 mg of N. Changes of the nutrients in a shoot were much greater during the earlier stage of growth after foliation than during the later stage toward growth cessation, suggesting the importance of mobilizing reserve nutrients for the early growth of the shoots. The results of this study also suggested that the rate of nutrient changes, especially during the earlier stage of shoot growth, could be affected by environmental and cultural conditions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.519-526
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• 1996

Background : Clinical and Radiographic studies to differentiate benign from malignant pulmonary nodules have previously focused on clinical status and the morphologic and the computed tomographic attenuation characteristics of the lung nodules. Distinctive differences in the vascularity and pathophysiology of malignant versus benign pulmonary nodules were identified. We evaluated the diagnostic method for differentiating malignant from benign solitary pulmonary nodule by contrast enhancement on the spiral CT. Method : Sixteen patients with solitary pulmonary nodule were examined(Tuberculoma 8, primary lung cancer 8). Serial thin section on the spiral CT was performed before and after(45second, 2min, 5min) the onset of the injection of 100mL of nonionic contrast material(2mL/sec). Results : There was no difference in size of nodule and pre-contrast CT number (Hounsfield unit) between benign and malignant nodules. At forty-five second after the onset of the injection, malignant neoplasms($19.6{\pm}7.9$ HU) enhanced significantly more than tuberculomas($4.9{\pm}9.4$ HU, p=0.008). At 2minute and 5 minute after, malignant neoplasms($34.0{\pm}19.2$HU, $34.0{\pm}15.4$HU) enhanced significantly more than tuberculomas ($6.7{\pm}9.7$HU, p=0.007 and $7.7{\pm}11.5$HU, p=0.011). On cut-off value 20HU(contrast enhancement) 2minute after the injection of contrast media, sensitivity was 87% and specificity was 87%. No correlation between the contrast enhancement and size of the nodules was observed. Conclusion : Studies with the use of an intravenously administered noniodinated contrast medium in examining the enhancement properties of lung nodules was performed. The contrast enhancement was useful in differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.517-526
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• 2016

This study analyzed the correlation between BMD (bone mineral density) value calculated in the MDCT (multidetector computed tomography) and lifestyle, physical features and social characteristics. From July 15 2015 to June 6 2016, we converted from HU (hounsfield unit) value measured by using MDCT to T-score for BMD of 141 patients (male: 63, female: 78) in W medical center. We measured the 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar spine and analyzed the correlation between gender differences in BMD and lifestyle, physical features and social characteristics. Statistical significance was validated using independent sample T test with one way Anova. Gender BMD was confirmed that a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). BMD values decreased with increasing age but for the statistically men, there was no significant difference from 20s to 50s, it only showed a significant difference in 20s and 60s (p<0.001). For the statistically women, there was no significant difference from 20s to 40s. but since 50s BMD was decreased rapidly, which showed a significant difference (p<0.001). women showed significant differences for the menstruation and menopause, childbirth, alcohol, cereals and greasy food in bone mineral density (p<0.05) but there were no significant differences in men. The bone mineral density values calculated by the MDCT and lifestyle, physical features and social characteristics correlation analysis method is considered to be used as a basis for estimating the state in BMD and osteoporosis management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.277-291
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify the alcohol drinking status of industrial workers, their health care practice, and dietary behavior, as well as their nutrient intake. Methods: In July 2019, 220 male subjects working in the Chungnam area were enrolled in the study. Their alcohol drinking status was evaluated by applying the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification-K (AUDIT-K) system. Demographic characteristics, status of health care practice, and dietary behaviors were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire; nutrient intakes were analyzed using 24-hour recalls. Data were analyzed by applying χ²-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson's correlation analysis with SPSS v. 25.0. Results: Workers were classified by their alcohol drinking status as 'normal' (84, 38.2%), 'problem drinker' (45, 20.5%), 'alcohol dependence I' (60, 27.3%), and 'alcohol dependence II' (31, 16.0%). The alcohol drinking status showed significant differences with age (p < 0.05), monthly income (p < 0.05), smoking status (p < 0.05), and need for weight control (p < 0.05). Moreover, increased alcohol intake resulted in significantly decreased levels of health care practice and dietary behaviors (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). The energy intake was highest in the 'alcohol dependence I' group, followed by 'alcohol dependence II', 'problem drinker', and 'normal drinker' (p < 0.05). Intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and niacin in the 'alcohol dependence I' group were found to be higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was obtained between alcohol drinking status, health care practice, and dietary behaviors, whereas a positive correlation was determined between alcohol drinking status, energy and water intakes. Conclusion: Considering these results, we conclude the necessity to consider nutritional and alcoholic education programs for improving the quality of work life of industrial workers, based on their alcohol drinking status.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.523-526
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• 2005

Purpose : Hypoalbuminemia is a rare cause of pleural effusion. The relationship between the severity of hypoalbuminemia and the clinical course of pleural effusion is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of clinical course according to the severity of hypoalbuminemia due to pleural effusion in children. Methods : A total of 96 patients admitted to Pusan National University Hospital with pleural effusion from August 1998 to August 2004 were studied retrospectively. The 79 patients who had only infectious causes were evaluated according to their albumin levels. They were divided into the two groups : group 1 had serum albumin levels of ${\leq}2.5g/dL$; group 2 : >2.5 g/dL. The clinical courses of each group were compared. Results : The nature of pleural effusion was transudates in seven cases and exudates in 89 cases. The most commom causes of transudates were renal failure(four cases) and the most common causes of exudates were parapneumonic effusion(58 cases). There was no statistical significance in mean ages, BUN, creatinine, potassium, bilirubin and WBC in each group. Four patient in group 1 and 26 patients in group 2 improved after medication of antibiotics or anti-tuberculosis agents only. Fourteen patients in group 1 and 26 patients in group 2 improved after thoracostomy with use of antibiotics. Eight patients in group 1 and one patient in group 2 had ventilator care with use of antibiotics therapy. Conclusion : Children who were diagnosed as pleural effusion with low serum albumin levels on admission had poorer prognoses than those with normal levels. We conclude that lower serum albumin level on admission is an important prognosis factor in a patient with pleural effusion.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.519-526
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• 2013

ECG signal has the feature that is repeated in a cycle of P, Q, R, S, and T waves and is sampled at a high sampling frequency in general. By using the feature of periodic ECG signals, maximizing compression efficiency while minimizing the loss of important information for diagnosis is required. However, the periodic characteristics of such amplitude and period is not constant by measuring time and patients. Even though measured at the same time, the patient's characteristics display different periodic intervals. In this paper, an adaptive multi-level coding is provided by coding adaptively the dominant and non-dominant signal interval of the ECG signal. The proposed method can maximize the compression efficiency by using a multi-level code that applies different compression ratios considering information loss associated with the dominant signal intervals and non-dominant signal intervals. For the case of long time measurement, this method has a merit of maximizing compression ratio compared with existing compression methods that do not use the periodicity of the ECG signal and for the lossless compression coding of non-dominant signal intervals, the method has an advantage that can be stored without loss of information. The effectiveness of the ECG signal compression is proved throughout the experiment on ECG signal of MIT-BIH arrhythmia database.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Plasmodium vivax reemerged in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993, and is likely to continue to affect public health. The purpose of this study was to measure levels of anti-P. vivax antibodies using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in border areas of ROK, to determine the seroprevalence of malaria (2003-2005) and to plan effective control strategies. Blood samples of the inhabitants in Gimpo-si, Paju-si, and Yeoncheon-gun (Gyeonggi-do), and Cheorwon-gun (Gangwon-do) were collected and kept in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). Out of a total of 1,774 serum samples tested, the overall seropositivity was 0.94% (n=17). The seropositivity was the highest in Paju-si (1.9%, 7/372), followed by Gimpo-si (1.4%, 6/425), Yeoncheon-gun (0.67%, 3/451), and Cheorwon-gun (0.19%, 1/526). The annual parasite incidence (API) in these areas gradually decreased from 2003 to 2005 (1.69, 1.09, and 0.80 in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively). The highest API was found in Yeoncheon-gun, followed by Cheorwon-gun, Paju-si, and Gimpo-si. The API ranking in these areas did not change over the 3 years. The seropositivity of Gimpo-si showed a strong linear relationship with the API of 2005 (r=0.9983, P=0.036). Seropositivity data obtained using IFAT may be useful for understanding malaria prevalence of relevant years, predicting future transmission of malaria, and for establishing and evaluating malaria control programs in affected areas.