• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.99-105
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• 2021

Vehicle occupant postures are anticipated to vary more widely during automated driving and to become more significant in terms of the autonomous vehicle safety. Experimental and computational approaches are needed to investigate and evaluate occupant behaviors during automated driving in general. However the validity and effect of such occupant postures are unknown, thus it is necessary to examine occupant behaviors and injury countermeasures for various occupant postures. This study was focused on the development and evaluation of restraint system model for occupant behavior examinations in the first step according to autonomous vehicle occupant safety. The finite element models of dummy and restraint system were set up and simulation results showed overall model performance and safety tolerances of different reclined occupant postures during frontal impact loading.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1577-1584
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• 2002

This paper develops a finite element model for studying the occupant behavior and injury cofficients of a large-sized cab-over type truck. Since it does not have a room to absorb collision energy and deformation in front of the passenger compartment the deformation is directly transmitted to the passenger compartment. Moreover, since its steering column is attached on the frame, severe deformation of the frame directly affects on the steering wheel's movement. Therefore, if the occupant behavior and injury coefficients analysis is performed using a finite element model developed based on a sled test, it is very difficult to expect acquiring satisfactory results. Thus, the finite element model developing in this paper is based on the frontal crash test in order to overcome the inherent problems of the sled test based model commonly used in the passenger car. The occupant behavior and injury coefficients analysis is performed using PAM-CRASH installed in super-computer SP2. In order to validate the reliability of the developed finite element model, a frontal crash test is carried out according to a test method used fur developing truck occupant's secondary safety system in european community and japan. That is, test vehicle's collision direction is vertical to the rigid barrier and collision velocity is 45kph. Thus, measured vehicle pulses at the lower parts of the left and right B-pilla., dummy chest and head deceleration profiles, HIC(head injury criterial) and CA(chest acceleration) values, and dummy behavior from the frontal crash test are compared to the analysis results to validate reliability of the developed model.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.77-83
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• 2022

Occupant behaviors and body contact with vehicle interior parts are main injury mechanism in far-side collisions. In vehicle side impact accident where the crash accident occurs on the opposite side of the vehicle from the a particular occupant, it is exposed in terms of relatively larger lateral motion to interact with the opposite side of the vehicle structure. The challenge of minimizing motions of upper body and injury risk according to a direct contact is a primary occupant protection research. This study has performed a data analysis of real-world accident database extracted from the 2016~2020 CISS database and a parametric investigation of impact angles and occupant kinematics in far-side lateral and oblique impact simulations. A detailed data analysis was conducted to reveal the relationship among the accident and injury data. Database analysis and computational far-side impact results proposed the fundamental vehicle design for safety improvement in far-side collisions.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.54-60
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• 2020

In a previous study, an investigation of occupant behaviors and injuries (to the head and chest) was performed during vehicle impact loading cases in order to ensure the safety of wheelchair passengers on a bus. The computational results showed overall safety tolerances of wheelchair occupants under different accident configurations. The bus crashworthiness is described as the capability of a bus to protect occupants during rollover loadings. The residual space containing occupants should be undamaged without any intrusions. However it is necessary to evaluate the residual space according to the bus occupant kinematic analysis under the rollover crash simulation. This study focuses on the evaluation of occupant behaviors during rollover loading cases in order to ensure the safety of bus passengers sitting in general seats and wheelchairs and evaluates the residual space of the bus by analyzing the bus occupant kinematics.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.243-251
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• 1993

With the recent issuance of a dynamic side impact test regulation in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard in the United States of America, many aspects of occupant protection in side impact crashes have been under investigation. Many investigations of real world accidents, crash test results and simulation studies have established that in side impact crashes of passenger cars, thoracic and pelvic injuries of occupant are, large part, caused by occupants' impact against the interior side of the vehicle, primarily the door. This paper is concerned with the development of a lumped mass computer model, which simulates the interaction of a struck car door and an adjacent seated occupant in side impacr, based CTP code which has been successfully used in vehicle and occupant simulation. New model developments include elimination of influence of vehicle side structure stiffness in the occupant injury responses. The model was used to investigated the effect of various door padding characteristics on occupant responses to improve vehicle safety performance. The evaluation of different crush properties of door padding have also focused to understand of behavior of impacted occupant. Results from simulations, The effects of both material coefficients $C_{f}$ and p were illustrated in terms of occupant injury criteria TTI and pelvis.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2020

The express/intercity bus models have been developing for wheelchair users to provide the preferable long-distance travels by the Korean government research. In the previous studies, evaluation method was set up for the wheelchair users' safety and the study for wheelchair occupants' safety was performed under various crash loadings mimic to real accidents, frontal crash, side impact and rollover, etc. This study was focused on the evaluation of occupant behaviors and injuries (head and chest) during vehicle impact loading cases in order to ensure the safety of wheelchair passengers in the bus. The occupant response and belt loading data during the sled FE simulation were compared with those of the sled test. The simulation results showed overall safety tolerances of wheelchair occupants under the severe frontal deceleration, side impact loading based on the FMVSS 214 configuration and bus rollover loading.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2018

Recently, many countries around the world began to show interest in safety against terrorism, fire, and natural disasters. This study aimed to propose a quantitative measurement system for emergency evacuation and safety for various kinds of terrorism and fire within high-rise multi-purpose facilities, which can measure the pedestrians' ordinary walking patterns in the concourse with the highest pedestrian volume out of all the spaces within multi-story buildings, predict pedestrians' evacuation walking lines when a sudden disaster breaks out, and analyze the gait coefficient, occupant density, and evacuation behavior time.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.385-392
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• 2022

As energy-saving techniques based on human behavior patterns have recently become an issue, the occupant-centered control system is adopted for estimating personal preference of indoor environment and optimizing environmental comfort and energy consumption. Accordingly, IoT devices have been used to collect indoor environmental quality (IEQ) data and personal data. However, the need to safely collect and manage data has been emerged due to cybersecurity issues. Therefore, this paper aims to present a framework that can safely transmit occupant-centered data collected from IoT to a private blockchain server using Hyperledger fabric. In the case study, the minimum value product of the mobile application and smartwatch application was developed to evaluate the usability of the proposed blockchain-based occupant-centered data collection framework. The results showed that the proposed framework could collect data safely and hassle-free in the daily life of occupants. In addition, the performance of the blockchain server was evaluated in terms of latency and throughput when ten people in a single office participated in the proposed data collection framework. Future works will further apply the proposed data collection framework to the building management system to automatically collect occupant data and be used in the HVAC system to reduce building energy consumption without security issues.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2009

Collision behavior of clash cushion occurs for a second of less than 0.4sec usually so that it is too hard to calculate numerically. Therefore, for development of trash cushion, it rely on full-scale vehicle crash test without any design procedure. Occupant safety indices if calculated from acquired data by data measurement system and collision behavior of vehicle and crash cushion is filming using high-speed camera in the crash test. But practical ufo scope of high-speed camera is limited and it is not using to calculated the occupant safety indices or analyzed the energy dissipated mechanism of crash cushion. This work is to estimate to be suitable or not for compare the data from measurement system with the data from high-speed camera. And also it is to grope for practical use scheme to calculation of occupant safety indices or analysis of collision behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.220-225
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• 2000

This paper develops a finite element model for studying occupant behavior of a mid-size truck equipped with a driver side airbag. The developed model simulates an occupant behavior using PAM-CRASH/PAM-SAFE in super computer SP2. The model is developed based on a sled test. A 50% hybrid dummy III is used for measuring head and chest accelerations and femur loads, and major injury coefficients such as HIC, CA and femur load. Inferior components such as foot rest, seat, kneebolster, crash pad, etc. are roughly modeled and defined by a rigid material model. And contact type II is used for detecting a contact with dummy. Contact type II definition uses force-deflection relationship of each body Such components as steering column which directly affect on the occupant injuy are modeled in detail and defined by an elastic-plastic material model. Airbag cushion is modeled using rivet elements. Airbag cover groove is modeled using rivet elements. Airbag tether is modeled as nonlinear bar elements. Airbag model has two vent holes to ventilating the exploded gas. Airbag is folded close to the real airbag folding procedure, and folded cautiously in order not to have initial penetration. A vehicle pulse acquired from 31mph frontal barrier test is used as input signal for the simulation. The simulation conditions are tuned to the sled test ones. The measured dummy accelerations and major injury coefficients, and filmed dummy behavior and airbag inflation process using high speed camera are compared to the simulation results to verify the developed finite element model.