• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-69
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• 2014

The impact of competition on pricing has been studied in the context of counterfactual merger analyses where expected optimal prices in a hypothetical monopoly are compared with observed prices in an oligopolistic market. Such analyses would typically assume static decision making by consumers and firms and thus have been applied mostly to data obtained from consumer packed goods such as cereal and soft drinks. However such static modeling approach is not suitable when decision makers are forward looking. When it comes to the markets for durable products with indirect network effects, consumer purchase decisions and firm pricing decisions are inherently dynamic as they take into account future states when making purchase and pricing decisions. Researchers need to take into account the dynamic aspects of decision making both in the consumer side and in the supplier side for such markets. Firms in a two-sided market typically subsidize one side of the market to exploit the indirect network effect. Such pricing behaviors would be more prevalent in competitive markets where firms would try to win over the battle for standard. While such qualitative expectation on the relationship between pricing behaviors and competitive structures could be easily formed, little empirical studies have measured the extent to which the distinct pricing structure in two-sided markets depends on the competitive structure of the market. This paper develops an empirical model to measure the impact of competition on optimal pricing of durable products under indirect network effects. In order to measure the impact of exogenously determined competition among firms on pricing, we compare the equilibrium prices in the observed oligopoly market to those in a hypothetical monopoly market. In computing the equilibrium prices, we account for the forward looking behaviors of consumers and supplier. We first estimate a demand function that accounts for consumers' forward-looking behaviors and indirect network effects. And then, for the supply side, the pricing equation is obtained as an outcome of the Markov Perfect Nash Equilibrium in pricing. In doing so, we utilize numerical dynamic programming techniques. We apply our model to a data set obtained from the U.S. video game console market. The video game console market is considered a prototypical case of two-sided markets in which the platform typically subsidizes one side of market to expand the installed base anticipating larger revenues in the other side of market resulting from the expanded installed base. The data consist of monthly observations of price, hardware unit sales and the number of compatible software titles for Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 from September 1996 to August 2002. Sony PlayStation was released to the market a year before Nintendo 64 was launched. We compute the expected equilibrium price path for Nintendo 64 and Playstation for both oligopoly and for monopoly. Our analysis reveals that the price level differs significantly between two competition structures. The merged monopoly is expected to set prices higher by 14.8% for Sony PlayStation and 21.8% for Nintendo 64 on average than the independent firms in an oligopoly would do. And such removal of competition would result in a reduction in consumer value by 43.1%. Higher prices are expected for the hypothetical monopoly because the merged firm does not need to engage in the battle for industry standard. This result is attributed to the distinct property of a two-sided market that competing firms tend to set low prices particularly at the initial period to attract consumers at the introductory stage and to reinforce their own networks and eventually finally to dominate the market.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.1272-1278
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• 2009

Titles of Nintendo DS are frequently use humor to help users fall in short time. Among many humor element, many titles use exaggeration. It is because 'exaggeration' is the best instrument to make users understand humor without complex cognitive process. Therefore, portable game using humor storytelling as a strategy for attracting various people.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.891-895
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• 2015

We investigated the effects of a Virtual reality(VR) program on the proprioception and instability of functional ankle instability(FAI) patients. Among the 20s old individuals who lived in Republic of Korea; 20 people were selected through a public participation process. The 20 participants were then randomly divided into two groups, one of strength exercise(n=10) and one of balance exercise(n=10). Of the patients who had experienced an ankle sprain in the past and currently felt ankle instability, those who recorded 24 points or less on the Cumberland ankle instability tool(CAIT) were determined to have FAI. We selected the strength exercise and balance exercise in the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus as a VR program. The subjects used the program on the Wii Balance Board three times per week for 20 minutes and total 10-minute warm-up and down for four weeks. Proprioception and CAIT of the balance exercise group were improved significantly after the exercise compared to before the exercise(p<.05). Authors recommend that the balance exercise in the VR program be used as an aid for physical therapeutic intervention.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.492-498
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• 2013

Recently, as Smartphone users increase, a variety of Smartphone games have been released. However, many games are just for individuals, it is not easy to find games in which people can do together. In this paper, we propose the multiple access game control system using bluetooth, which can support multiple users to do games together. The proposed system overcomes the limitation of current PC games, and also proposes a convenient way in which people can enjoy the game easily without expensive equipments such as Nintendo Wii.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.53-65
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of virtual reality based exercise program on gross motor function and balance of children with spastic cerebral palsy. Method : Subjects of this study, among the children who received the diagnosis spastic cerebral palsy, for children total of 8 people have agreed to research. Experimental group 4 people, control group 4 people, was a total of 8 people. Group-specific arbitration method, was applied to Nintendo Wii Fit game (experimental group) and exercise program (control group). Each training courses 30 minutes for 4 weeks, examined the changes in Gross Motor Function Measure(GMFM) and Pediatrics Balance Scale(PBS) ability to examine a total of 4-week course effectively. The intervention were compared by measuring before and after. Result : There were significant improvements in the subscales of the gross motor function and balance test of those who practiced with the Nintendo Wii Fit game, while the control group showed no significant changes. Conclusion : Therefore, the virtual based on exercise is effective in improvement of to improve the gross motor function and balance in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2011

For development of physical interactive game recognized as next generation game, this study examines the present situation of physical interactive games and analyzes the problem that game contents lack development compared to the hardware. This paper firstly divides the problem of physical interactive game contents into three parts: demand of the contents and biased game genre, low level of game difficulty, and limited use and/or misuse of the motion controller. Then, the possible solutions for each part are suggested afterward. As the discussion on the development methods in physical interactive game will also develop and therefore, as the next generation game, physical interactive game will play a positive role in th growth of game industry as well as game culture.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2021

Despite people's expectation, COVID-19 has turned out to be a burden people have to carry for a while. The age of "Untact" has come. While many outdoor activites have been restricted, it is crucial to find other ways to maintain physical/mental health ideally indoors. As a mediative gesture, people are now taking notice of 'Console games', through which they can party, travel, and exercise in virtual reality even harder than in real life. In thesis, we will examine Nintendo Switch Consoles in relation to direction Korean game industry has to take to maintain people's physical/mental health.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2012

In this paper we describe the integrated development environment for embedded software education. Our environment uses a cheap and widely available portable game console, Nintendo DS-lite. We have integrated open source development tools, and have implemented download shell, remote debugger. The results are all open source, and were used for university class for real embedded software education.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.274-282
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• 2012

This study conducted the following experiment to examine change of physicopsychological function on lumbar stabilization exercise(LSE) and virtual reality game training(Nintendo Wii Sport-NWS) to stroke patients subject for fall prevention. Psychological function was measured by falls efficacy with stroke patients and physical function was measured by static and dynamic balance on comparative analysis of pre, post exercise and each groups in 30 stroke patient subject. Static balance was measured by BBS, FRT, dynamic were measured by TUG, 10m walking test and falls efficacy with stroke patients was measured index of falls efficacy. These result lead us to the conclusion that each group were statistically improved at all physicopsychological test, but BBS, FRT, 10m walking test were more statistically improved at LSE group and falls efficacy with stroke patients were more improved at virtual reality game training group. Consequently, virtual reality game training would be lead to positive increment of physicopsychological function on stroke patient.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1325-1329
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• 2012

The current situation and problems of sensory console games was analyzed focusing on the Nintendo 'Wii.' In order to develop the limitation of contents that lean strongly towards sports and fail to offer diversity one step further into glocal cultural contents, a solution of applying 'Bollywood', which has a main musical format, is presented. Bollywood is a unique cultural code of India which can stimulate the purchase desires of consumers with its exotic freshness in third countries, and can be used to lead sales of a new form of game culture that is familiar yet in a new format in the 1.1 billion population Indian market. The political, social and economic codes of Bollywood are examined in this study in addition to cultural contents and codes that include Bollywood to develop contents that are not foreign to their culture.