• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.171-171
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• 2011

리그노셀룰로오스 바이오매스를 원료로 하여 발효당을 생산하고자 할 때 최종적인 당수율은 적용하는 전처리 기술의 종류와 전처리 조건에 따라 크게 달라질 수 있다는 사실은 널리 알려져 있다. 또한 전처리물의 효소당화에서 셀룰로오스의 당전환율은 효소의 종류와 사용량에 의존적이므로 부족한 전처리 효과를 일부 보완하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 바이오매스의 효소당화에 흔히 사용되고 있는 특정효소와 최근 공급되기 시작한 새로운 효소를 시료로 하여 해바라기 줄기의 열수전처리에 이은 효소당화에서 효소의 종류가 최종 당수율, 효소당화 시간 및 전처리효과에 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. 해바라기 줄기 분말을 $180^{\circ}C$에서 30분 동안 열수전처리하였을 때 헤미셀룰로오스의 수율이 최대가 되었으나 이 조건에서는 후속 효소당화에 의한 포도당 수율이 높지 않았다. Celluclast 1.5L 혹은 Celluclast conc BG는 전처리 물의 당화속도가 상대적으로 빠른 편이었고, 이 효소에 의한 당수율은 해바라기 줄기 셀룰로오스 함량의 80% 내외였으며, 바이오매스 1g당 효소첨가량이 3ml까지 증가함에 따라 당수율도 꾸준히 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반면에 노보자임 스코리아로부터 분양받은 효소로서 NS22074와 NS50010의 혼합물은 Celluclast보다 약 10% 더 높은 당수율을 보여주었으나 당화는 상대적으로 느리게 진행되어 72시간 이상이 소요되었다. Endoxylanase 혹은 hemicellulase 등 다른 효소를 NS22074와 NS50010의 혼합물에 가하여도 당수율의 증대 효과는 미미하거나 거의 없었다. 시험에 사용한 효소제제에는 포도당, 소르비톨 등 여러 가지 당들이 보존제 혹은 안정화제로 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타나서 사용에 주의할 필요가 이었다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.77-83
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• 2008

The effective mixture of structural laminated timber and other materials is expected to extend the potentials of building structures because of the potentials to realize high performance in structural safety. The classical joint types using drift pin and bolts are occurred local failures due to the small bearing area. In result, new joints using H shaped steel were suggested in this research. The objective of this study is to evaluate elasto-plastic behaviors by strengthening types of wood frames with new joints connecting structural laminated timber with H shaped steel. A total of five specimens of about one-second scale were tested. Specimens had columns with 1,050 height and $84mm{\times}100mm$ section, and a beams with 1,950mm length and $130mm{\times}100mm$ section. Also, the specimens were stiffened by brace, hwang-toh brick, and autoclaved lightweight concrete. The results of the test showed that the specimen stiffened with autoclaved lightweight concrete was characterized by fairly good strength and stiffness than those of the other specimens. Initial stiffness of H-2.0D-NS specimen with 2 times inserting length of beam height showed 1.33 times than that of H-1.5D-NS specimen. However, the strength of H-2.0D-NS specimen has not improved too much than H-1.5D-NS specimen.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.3A
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• pp.237-246
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• 2007

Clock Synchronization is one of the most basic factors to be considered when we implement an indoor synchronization network for indoor positioning. In this paper, we present a new synchronization algorithm which does not employ time stamps in order to reduce the hardware complexity and data overhead. In addition to that, we describe an algorithm that is designed to compensate the frequency drift giving an serious impact on the synchronization performance. The performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm is achieved by investigating MTIE (Maximum Time Interval Error) values through simulations. In the simulations, the frequency drift values of the practical oscillators are used. From the simulation results, it is investigated that we can achieve the synchronization performance under 10 ns when we use 1 second synchronization interval with 1 ns resolution and TCXOs (Tmperature Compensated Cristal Oscillators) both in the master clock and the slave clock.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.206-216
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• 2016

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of xanthorrhizol (XTZ) on E. faecalis, compared with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods Normal physiological state (NS), starvation state (SS), and alkalization state (AS) of E. faecalis were used. A solution containing 1% XTZ in 30% ethanol, 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 100 mg/ml sodium methyl cocoyl taurate was used and is referred to as Xan in this study. To determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Xan and CHX, $500{\mu}l$ of E. faecalis (NS and two stress states) was added to a microtube containing $500{\mu}l$ of serial 2-fold dilutions of 1% Xan and 2% CHX (1:2-1:128). The MBC of each antimicrobial was determined by the plate count method. Results The antibacterial effect of Xan was more effective on E. faecalis in AS than in the other states (NS, SS) at 0.125% Xan and 0.03325% Xan (P<0.05). In contrast, the antibacterial effect of CHX was more effective against E. faecalis in SS than the other states (NS, AS) at 0.0625% CHX (P<0.05). In SS, the antibacterial effect of CHX was more effective than that of Xan at 0.125% and 0.0625% (P<0.05). However, in AS, the antibacterial effect of Xan was more effective than that of CHX at 0.0625% and 0.03325% (P<0.05). Conclusions In endodontic retreatment cases in which it is important to effectively remove E. faecalis from the infected root canal, Xan may be more suitable when combined with NaOCl than CHX.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.993-1000
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• 2018

This paper proposes a low-dropout voltage regulator(LDO) using self-cascode structure. The self-cascode structure was optimized by adjusting the channel length of the source-side MOSFET and applying a forward voltage to the body of the drain-side MOSFET. The self-cascode of the input differential stage of the error amplifier is optimized to give higher transconductance, but the self-cascode of the output stage is optimized to give higher output resistance, The proposed LDO using self-cascode structure was designed by a $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS technology and simulated using SPECTRE. The load regulation of the proposed LDO regulator was 0.03V/A, whereas that of the conventional LDO was 0.29V/A. The line regulation of the proposed LDO regulator was 2.23mV/V, which is approximately three times improvement compared to that of the conventional LDO. The transient response of the proposed LDO regulator was 625ns, which is 346ns faster than that of the conventional LDO.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2017

Background: The production method of ginseng seedlings for ginseng cultivation is very important to ensure healthy rooting system as well as high quality, and yield of the resultant plants. This study was carried out to compare the growth characteristics of 2-year-old ginseng plants that were produced from seedlings grown in self soil nursery (SSN), nursery soil (NS) or hydroponic culture (HC). Methods and Results: The shading prop used was composed of four-layered 4 polyethylene (blue 3 + black 1) shade screen. The management of main field was done by inserting oil cake (1,200 kg/10 a) and then allowing Sudan grass to grow for a year. Seedling transplantation was carried out on April 6. Root growth was measured on October 25. Root weight was observed to be excellent at 6.0 g, following SSN transplantation. Root length was 21.2 cm for HC seedlings, but these plants had a physiological disorder (i.e., rusty root), in 83.5% plants of this treatment. The ratio of PD/PT (protopanaxadiol saponins / protopanaxatriol saponins) was higher in NS seedlings. Plant analysis revealed that Fe content was lower in HC seedlings with high rustiness. The growth of 2-years-old ginseng was different following these varying seedling cultivation methods, but seedlings from NS were not different from those grown in SSN. Conclusions: For the propagation of 2-year-old ginseng plants, NS seedlings may be a good substitute for SSN seedlings.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.428-436
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• 2024

Objective: This study compared five distinct sets of biological pathways and associated genes related to semen volume (VOL), number of sperm (NS), and sperm motility (MOT) in the Thai multibreed dairy population. Methods: The phenotypic data included 13,533 VOL records, 12,773 NS records, and 12,660 MOT records from 131 bulls. The genotypic data consisted of 76,519 imputed and actual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 72 animals. The SNP additive genetic variances for VOL, NS, and MOT were estimated for SNP windows of one SNP (SW1), ten SNP (SW10), 30 SNP (SW30), 50 SNP (SW50), and 100 SNP (SW100) using a single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction approach. The fixed effects in the model were contemporary group, ejaculate order, bull age, ambient temperature, and heterosis. The random effects accounted for animal additive genetic effects, permanent environment effects, and residual. The SNPs explaining at least 0.001% of the additive genetic variance in SW1, 0.01% in SW10, 0.03% in SW30, 0.05% in SW50, and 0.1% in SW100 were selected for gene identification through the NCBI database. The pathway analysis utilized genes associated with the identified SNP windows. Results: Comparison of overlapping and non-overlapping SNP windows revealed notable differences among the identified pathways and genes associated with the studied traits. Overlapping windows consistently yielded a larger number of shared biological pathways and genes than non-overlapping windows. In particular, overlapping SW30 and SW50 identified the largest number of shared pathways and genes in the Thai multibreed dairy population. Conclusion: This study yielded valuable insights into the genetic architecture of VOL, NS, and MOT. It also highlighted the importance of assessing overlapping and non-overlapping SNP windows of various sizes for their effectiveness to identify shared pathways and genes influencing multiple traits.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.240-245
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• 1997

Interactions between ganglioside $G_{M3}$ and glucose transporter, GLUT1 were studied by measuring the effect of $G_{M3}$ on steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence of purified GLUT1 in synthetic lipids and on the 3-O-methylglucose uptake by human erythrocytes. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence showed a GLUT 1 emission maximum of 335 nm, and increased in the presence of $G_{M3}$ by 12% without shifting the emission maximum, The fluorescence lifetimes of intrinsic tryptophan on GLUT1 consisted of a long component of 7.8 ns and a short component of 2,3 ns and $G_{M3}$ increased both lifetime components. Lifetime components were quenched by acrylamide and KI. Acrylarnide-mduced quenching of long-lifetime components was partly recovered by $G_{M3}$ However. KI-induccd quenching of short- and long-lifetime components was not rescued by $G_{M3}$. The anisotropy of 1.6-diphenyl-1.3.5-hexatriene (DPH)-probed dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) model membrane was also increased with $G_{M3}$ incorporation, The transport rate of 3-O-methylglucose increased by 20% with $G_{M3}$ incorporation on the erythrocytes, Therefore, $G_{M3}$ altered the environment of lipid membrane and induced the conformational change of GLUT1.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.355-365
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and cooling with misters and fans on renal function in relation to regulation of body fluids in different stages of lactation in crossbred Holstein cattle. Ten, 87.5% crossbred Holstein cattle were divided into two groups of 5 animals each, housing in a normal shaded barn (NS) and in a shaded barn with a mister-fans cooling system (MF). The experiment in each group was divided into 3 phases, early- (Day 75 postpartum), mid- (Day 135 postpartum), and late stage of lactation (Day 195 postpartum). The pre-treatment study was conducted on the starting day of each stage of lactation and the treatment study was performed after the end of the pre-treatment, during which the animal was injected with 500 mg of rbST (POSILAC) every 14 days for three times. During the study, ambient temperature at the hottest period daily in the MF barn was significantly lower, while relative humidity was higher than that of the NS barn. The temperature humidity index (THI) in both barns ranged from 79-85 throughout the periods of study. Cows in the MF barn showed a lower rectal temperature and respiration rate as compared with cows in the NS barn. The effect of rbST administration increased both rectal temperature and respiration rates of cows housed in either the NS or MF barn. Milk yield significantly increased in cows treated with rbST in all stages of lactation. Increases in mammary blood flow, accompanied by increases of total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), blood volume (BV) and plasma volume (PV), were observed in both groups of cows receiving rbST in all stages of lactation. No alterations of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were observed in cows receiving rbST, but decreases in urinary excretion and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride ions appeared to correlate with reduction in the rate of urine flow and osmolar clearance during rbST administration. These results suggest that the effect of rbST supplementation to cows housed either in NS or MF barns on body fluid volume expansion is attributable to changes in the rate of electrolyte excretion by the kidney. The increased availability of renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions during rbST treatment was a major factor in retaining body water through its colligative properties in exerting formation of an osmotic force mechanism.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2010

In this paper, a planar structure negative group delay circuit(NGDC) is proposed to overcome the limited availability of the component values required for the prototype lumped element(LE) NGDC design. From the prototype LE circuit analysis, general design equations and the conditions to obtain the NGD are derived and illustrated. Then the LE circuit is converted into the planar structure by applying the transmission line resonator(TLR) theory. As a design example, the LE NGDC and the proposed planar structure NGDC are designed and compared. To estimate the commercial applicability, 2-stage reflection type planar NGDC with -5.6 ns of total group delay, -0.2 dB of insertion loss, and 30 MHz of bandwidth together with 0.1 dB and 0.5 ns of the magnitude and group delay flatness, respectively, for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA) downlink band is fabricated and demonstrated. Also, to show the applicability of the proposed NGDC, we have configured a simple signal cancellation loop and obtained good loop suppression performance.