• Title/Summary/Keyword: N saturation

검색결과 527건 처리시간 0.028초

유기물원이 다른 퇴비연용이 밭토양의 화학성 변화에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Long-term Application of Different Organic Material Sources on Chemical Properties of Upland Soil)

  • 김종구;이경보;이상복;이덕배;김성조
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제33권6호
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    • pp.416-431
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    • 2000
  • 본 연구는 밭 토양에서 종류가 상이한 퇴비시용이 토양 중 이화학생 변동에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 밭토양 토성은 양토와 사양토를 공시하여 계분퇴비, 우분퇴비, 분뇨잔사 및 식품오니퇴비 등 4종을 사용하였다. 퇴비 시용량은 0, 40, $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 수준으로 처리하여 1994년부터 1997년도까지 4년간 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 발 토양의 pH는 분뇨잔사 연용구에서 pH 4.4~5.0까지 감소되었으며, 다른 퇴비시용구는 무시용구에 비하여 증가되는 경향이었다. 밭 토양의 EC변화는 퇴비시용 후 20일경에 제일 높았다가 그후 40일까지 낮아진 후 일정한 수준을 유지하였다. 토양 중 가용성 질소 함량은 퇴비 시용 초기에는 $NH_4-N$가, 후기에는 $NO_3-N$함량이 높은 비율로 용출 되었고, 퇴비종류별로는 분뇨잔사 시용구가 제일 높았다. 밭 토양의 유효인산은 양토에서는 토심 0~20cm 부위에, 사양토는 0~50cm 부위까지 집적되었다. 퇴비 연용에 의한 년간 누적량은 사양토가 양토보다 17%정도 더 많았다. 토양의 염기포화도는 퇴비 시용량이 많고 연용 회수가 많을수록 증가되었다. 양토의 무처리구 염기포화도는 45%인 반면에 퇴비 $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$을 4년간 연용한 처리구 87~97% 범위이었다. 사양토는 무처리구의 염기포화도가 30.4% 이었으나 퇴비 $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$을 3년간 연용한 처리구는 81~92%에 달하였다. 동일한 퇴비시용 수준에서 연평균 염기포화도 증가율은 사양토가 양토보다 2.0~3.7배 더 높았다. 밭 토양 중 양이온은 퇴비 시용으로 무시용구에 비하여 Ca은 2배, K는 3~5배, Mg는 2~3배가 증가되었다. 토심별로는 0~20cm 부위에 가장 많이 포화되었으며, 토심이 깊어질수록 포화도는 낮아지는 경향이었다. 토양 중 중금속함량은 계분 및 우분퇴비 시용시는 무시용과 차이가 없었으나, 분뇨잔사 시용으로 Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn등이, 식품오니 시용구에서는 Ni, Cr함량이 무시용보다 약간씩 증가되었다.

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양방향성 체정맥-폐동맥 단락술후 혈역학 및 중심 폐동맥 크기의 변화 (Changes of Hemodynamic and Central Pulmonary Artery Dimension After Bidirectional Cavopulmonarv Shunt)

  • 이정렬;이해원
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • 제29권12호
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    • pp.1306-1315
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    • 1996
  • 본연구는 서울대학교병원 어린이병원 흉부외과에서 1992년 2월부터 1995년 12월까지 양방향성 체정맥-폐동맥단락술을 시행받은 환자 54례를 대상으로 하였다. 환아의 평균연령 및 체중은 각각 36.8+37.7개월, 8.0+3.0kg이 었다. 환아의 89%는 폰탄(Fontan)수술의 위험 인자를 2개이상 동반하고 있었으며 병원 사망율은 16.6%(9154)였다. 생존 환아를 대상으로 양방향성 체정맥-폐동맥 단락술전과 평균 16.3+14.3개월후의 혈역학 및 심혈관 조영술 검사 소견을 비교하였다. 동맥혈의 평균 산소포화도는 술전 71.9+10.1 %에서 79.8+8.5%로 향상되었으나(n:4), p< 0.05). 양방향성 체정 맥-폐동맥단락의 혈역학으 로 생존하는 환아들은 나이가 많을수록 동맥혈의 산소포화도가 낮은 경향을 보였다(n=22, R2=0.34, p=0.004). 환아들의 평균 폐동맥압은 31+17mrnHg에서 13.5+3.5mmHg로 유의한 감소를 보였으며 (n=22, p<0.05), 폐혈관저항 역시 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 자료의 개수가 적어 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 발견할 수 없었다. 폐동맥의 술전후 크기 변화에 관해서는 폐동맥의 절대 크기는 동측의 경우 유의한 증가가 있었으나(n: 14, p<0.05) 반대측의 경우 차 隔\ulcorner없었다(n=14 p<0.05). 그러나 환아의 체표면적을 고려한 폐동맥크기 변화는 동측이건 반대측이건 모두 현저한 감소를 보여 통계적으로 유의하였다(동측의 경우 16.8, 감소, n=14, p<0.05, 반대측의 경우 25.1% 감소, n= 14, p<0.05). 좌,우 폐동맥 단면적에 대한 폐동맥지수는 동기간 평균 9.3+13.8%의 감소를 보였으며 술후 추적 기간이 길면 길수록 폐동맥 진수의 % 감소가 커지는 경향을 보였다(n=24, R2=0.34, p=0.002). 저자등은 본 연구를 통하여 양방향성 체정맥-폐동맥 단락술이 단계적 폰탄 수술의 중단기 고식술로서 우수함을 입증하였다. 그러나 환아가 성장함에 따라 상대적으로 폐동맥 크기가 감소하며 추적 기간이 길면 길수록 그런 현상이 더욱 심화된다는 사실은 양방향성 체정맥-폐동맥 단락술후 가능하면 빠른시기에 완전 폰탄을 시행하는 것이 바람직하다는 가설을 뒷받침한다.

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Optically transparent and electrically conductive indium-tin-oxide nanowires for transparent photodetectors

  • Kim, Hyunki;Park, Wanghee;Ban, Dongkyun;Kim, Hong-Sik;Patel, Malkeshkumar;Yadav, Pankaj;Kim, Joondong
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.390.2-390.2
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    • 2016
  • Single crystalline indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanowires (NWs) were grown by sputtering method. A thin Ni film of 5 nm was coated before ITO sputtering. Thermal treatment forms Ni nanoparticles, which act as templates to diffuse Ni into the sputtered ITO layer to grow single crystalline ITO NWs. Highly optical transparent photoelectric devices were realized by using a transparent metal-oxide semiconductor heterojunction by combining of p-type NiO and n-type ZnO. A functional template of ITO nanowires was applied to this transparent heterojunction device to enlarge the light-reactive surface. The ITO NWs/n-ZnO/p-NiO heterojunction device provided a significant high rectification ratio of 275 with a considerably low reverse saturation current of 0.2 nA. The optical transparency was about 80% for visible wavelengths, however showed an excellent blocking UV light. The nanostructured transparent heterojunction devices were applied for UV photodetectors to show ultra fast photoresponses with a rise time of 8.3 mS and a fall time of 20 ms, respectively. We suggest this transparent and super-performing UV responser can practically applied in transparent electronics and smart window applications.

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Kinetic modeling of organic and nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater in a down-flow hanging sponge bioreactor

  • Nga, Dinh Thi;Hiep, Nguyen Trung;Hung, Nguyen Tri Quang
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.243-250
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    • 2020
  • A down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) bioreactor was operated for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The Stover-Kincannon model was applied for kinetic evaluation of the reactor performance during the operational period. As a result, the coefficient of determination (R2) for straight lines of effluent concentration from the experimental data and from the predictive data of BOD5; NH4+-N; and TN were 0.9727; 0.9883; and 0.9934, respectively. The calculation of saturation value constant (Umax - g L-1 d-1) and maximum utilization rate constant (KB - g L-1 d-1) were 56.818 and 75.034 for BOD5; 2.960 and 4.713 for NH4+-N; 2.810 and 8.37 for TN, respectively. The study suggests that Stover-Kincannon model can be used for effective evaluation of kinetic removal of BOD5; NH4+-N; and TN from domestic wastewater treated in a DHS bioreactor.

Nutrient Uptake and Growth Kinetics of Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono (Raphidophyceae) Isolated from Korea

  • Seo, Kyung-Suk;Lee, Chang-Kyu
    • ALGAE
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.235-240
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    • 2007
  • The red tide-causing flagellate Chattonella anticfua can cause mass fish kills by their clogging in fish gills. Thisstudy examined the nutrient requirements of C. antiqua isolated from Korea. C. anticfua displayed maximum growthat the day five, followed by a decrease in cell density. Nitrate and nitrite were the preferred nitrogen sources, alonewith adenosine diphosphate for phosphorus compounds. In medium that contained ammonium, a significantdecrease in cell density was observed. Half-saturation constants, Ks, calculated from the maximum growth ratewere 4.94 U|M for NC>3 and 0.79 flM for P04. The growth of C. antiqua was not within the function of the N:P ratio (RU= 0.29). With an N:P ratio as low as 10, the increase in cell density was apparent, with a higher division rate. At lev-els above 50 fiM of NaNOg or 8 ;uM of NaHUPCU, the growth rates were somewhat decreased. Phosphate was thelimiting factor for C. antiqua growth since the starvation of phosphate had brought about a rapid decrease in celldensity in semi-continuous culture. Studies about the temporal modification of the efficiency of nitrate or phosphateuptake may be necessary to explain the bloom dynamics of C. antiaua.

PHEMT Passivation을 위한 ${Si_3}{N_4}$ (Studies on the deposition of ${Si_3}{N_4}$ for the passivation of PHEMT's)

  • 신재완;박현창;박형무;이진구
    • 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.25-30
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    • 2002
  • 본 논문에서는 PECVD 장비를 이용하여 PHEMT 소자의 passivation 막으로 사용되는 Si₃N₄박막의 특성을 최적화하고, 0.25 ㎛급 PHEMT 제작에 적용하였다. 제작된 PHEMT(60 ㎛×2 fingers)의 소자 특성을 측정한 결과, passivation 후 드레인 포화전류와 최대 전달 컨덕턴스는 passivation 전보다 각각 2.7% 와 3%씩 증가하였으며, 전류이득 차단 주파수는 53 ㎓, 최대 공진 주파수는 105 ㎓ 였다.

$Y_{3-2x}$ $Ca_x$S $n_x$F $e_{3.5}$A $l_{1.5}$ $O_{12}$ 가네트 자성체를 이용한 2GHz 대 서큘레이터 구현 (The fabrication of 2GHz Circulator using $Y_{3-2x}$ $Ca_x$S $n_x$F $e_{3.5}$A $l_{1.5}$ $O_{12}$ Garnet)

  • 박정래;김태홍;전동석;한진우
    • 전자공학회논문지D
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    • 제34D권12호
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    • pp.14-21
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    • 1997
  • This study was conducte dto fabricate 2GHz circulator using Ca,Sn substituted UIG(yttrium iron garnet)ceramics. When the electric, magnetic and microwave properties were measured in Ca, Sn substituted YIG, the measured perimittivity and perfmeability in microwave frequencies were 16.25, 0.8964. For $Y_{2.4}$C $a_{0.3}$A $n_{0.3}$F $e_{3.5}$A $l_{1.5}$ $O_{12}$ garnet ceramics sintered at 1400.deg. C, the ferrimagnetic resonance line width (.DELTA.H) at 10GHz was 53 Oe and saturation magnetization was 375G. The strip-line circulator was simulated with 3-D FEM (finite element method) software and designed at the center frequency of 2GHz. The fabricated strip-line junction circulator using above YIG ceramics had insertion loss of 1.271dB, return loss of 23.843dB, isolation of 21.751dB at the center frequency 1.855GHz.z.z.z.z.z.z.

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Electrical Characteristics of Single-silicon TFT Structure with Symmetric Dual-gate for Kink Effect Suppression

  • Kang Ey-Goo;Lee Dae-Yeon;Lee Chang-Hun;Kim Chang-Hun;Sung Man-Young
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.53-57
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    • 2006
  • In this paper, a Symmetric Dual-gate Single-Si TFT, which includes three split floating n+ zones, is simulated. This structure drastically reduces the kink-effect and improves the on-current. This is due to the separated floating n+ zones, the transistor channel region is split into four zones with different lengths defined by a floating n+ region. This structure allows effective reduction in the kink-effect, depending on thy length of the two sub-channels. The on-current of the proposed dual-gate structure is 0.9 mA, while that of the conventional dual-gate structure is 0.5 mA, at both 12 V drain and 7 V gate voltages. This result shows an 80% enhancement in on-current. In addition, the reduction of electric field in the channel region compared to a conventional single-gate TFT and the reduction of the output conductance in the saturation region, is observed. In addition, the reduction in hole concentration, in the channel region, in order for effectively reducing the kink-effect, is also confirmed.

Antimutagenic Effect of Plant Flavonoids in the Salmonella Assay System

  • Choi, Jae-Sue;Park, Kun-Young;Moon, Suk-Hee;Rhee, Sook-Hee;Young, Han-Suk
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.71-75
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    • 1994
  • The antimutagenic effects of 27 kinds of plant flavonoids on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MANG) in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 were investigated. In the mixed applications of $AFB_1\;(1\;\mu{g/plate)}$ with the flavonoids $(300\;\mu{g/plate)}$ in the presence of a mammalian metabolic activation system (S9 mix), chrysin, apigenin, luteolin and its glucoside, kaempferol, fisetin, morin, naringenin, hesperetin, persicogenin, (+)-catechin and (-)epicatechin showed the antimutagenic effect against $AFB_1$ with more than 70% inhibition rate. A little or no antimutagenicities except flavone against MNNG $(0.5\;\mu{g/plate)}$ were observed. For the antimutagencity of the flavonoids on $AFB_1$, the flavonoid structure that contains the free 5, 7-hydroxyl gorup seemed to be essential. However, saturation of the 2, 3-double bond of elimination of the 4-keto group did not affect the activity.

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ITO 나노와이어 기반의 투명 산화물 반도체 광전소자 (ITO Nanowires-embedded Transparent Metal-oxide Semiconductor Photoelectric Devices)

  • 김현기;김홍식;;김준동
    • 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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    • 제28권12호
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    • pp.808-812
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    • 2015
  • Highly optical transparent photoelectric devices were realized by using a transparent metal-oxide semiconductor heterojunction of p-type NiO and n-type ZnO. A functional template of ITO nanowires (NWs) was applied to this transparent heterojunction device to enlarge the light-reactive surface. The ITO NWs/n-ZnO/p-NiO heterojunction device provided a significant high rectification ratio of 275 with a considerably low reverse saturation current of 0.2 nA. The optical transparency was about 80% for visible wavelengths, however showed an excellent blocking UV light. The nanostructured transparent heterojunction devices were applied for UV photodetectors to show ultra fast photoresponses with a rise time of 8.3 mS and a fall time of 20 ms, respectively. We suggest this transparent and super-performing UV responser can practically applied in transparent electronics and smart window applications.