• Title/Summary/Keyword: Mycelial growth and density

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Occurrence of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) in Jeollabuk-do, Korea (전라북도에서 곤충 병원성 곰팡이 Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)의 발생)

  • Choi, Seonu;Kim, Juhee;Seo, Kyoungwon;Moon, Younghun;Lee, Gongjun;Lee, Changkyu;Kim, Jaesu;Kim, Jinho
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.56 no.2
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    • pp.195-201
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    • 2017
  • The entomopathogenic fungus Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) was found to infect Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Plutella xylostella, Myzus persicae and one unidentifed species. Samples of the fungus were collected from three areas (Jinan, Gimje, and Iksan) in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. Infected insects appeared in July and September, during which time population infection rate of Z. radicans on C. medinalis reached up to 46%. Zoophthora radicans hyphal bodies are rod-like to hyphoid, and primary conidia are bullet-shaped to long ovoid. The fungus was isolated from the surfaces of larvae and cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar with yeast extract (SDAY). The optimal temperature range for mycelial growth was $20{\sim}28^{\circ}C$. Mycelium growth on SDAY supplemented with egg yolk and milk (SDAY-EM) was higher than on SDAY alone. Zoophthora radicans may play an important role in controlling insect population density using naturally induced epizootics.

Environmental Factors on the Development of Root Rot on Ginseng Caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans (인삼 뿌리썩음병 발병에 미치는 환경 요인)

  • Lee, Jung Sup;Han, Kyung Sook;Lee, Seong Chan;Soh, Jae Woo;Kim, Doo Wook
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.87-94
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    • 2014
  • The fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans is the cause of root rot in many ginseng production areas in Korea. A total of 57 isolates of C. destructans were recovered from diseased roots in a survey of ginseng-growing fields from 2011-2012. Among these isolates, 37% were classified as highly virulent (causing lesions on unwounded mature roots) and 61% were weakly virulent(causing lesions only on previously wounded roots). Radial growth of highly and weakly virulent isolates on potato dextrose agar was highest at $20^{\circ}C$ and there was no growth at $35^{\circ}C$. Mycelial mass production was significantly (P = 0.05) lower at pH 7.0 compared with pH 5.0. To study the effects of pH (5.0 and 7.0) and wounding on disease development, ginseng roots were grown hydroponically in nutrient solution. Lesions were significantly larger (P < 0.01) at pH 5.0 compared with pH 7.0 and wounding enhanced disease by a highly virulent isolate at both pHs. In artificially infested soil, 2-yearold ginseng roots were most susceptible to Cylindrocarpon root rot among all root ages tested (1 to 4 years) when evaluated using a combined scale of disease incidence and severity. Root rot severity was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by increasing the inoculum density from $3.5{\times}10^2cfu/g$ of soil to $2.0{\times}10^3cfu/g$ of soil.

Effect of Inoculum Concentration of Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum Causing Damping-off of Pepper and Cucumber on the Efficacy of the Mixture of Etridiazole and Thiophanate-methyl (Rhizoctonia solani와 Pythium ultimum의 접종 농도가 etridiazole과 thiophanate-methyl 합제의 모잘록병 방제 효과에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Hyung-Jo;Jang, Ho-Sun;Lee, Soo-Min;Kim, Joo-Hyung;Shin, Jin-Ho;Kim, Heung-Tae
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.65-71
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    • 2010
  • This study was performed to investigate the inhibiting activity of etridiazole and thiophanate-mthyl on mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum and the effect of inoculum density of each pathogen on the control efficacy of the mixture of etridiazole and thiophanate-methyl in a seedling assay test. In mycelial growth inhibition test, $EC_{50}$ values of etridiazole and thiophanate-methyl against R. solani were 15.87 and 9.34 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, while those were 0.2 and more than $500\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ against P. ultimum, respectively. Controlling activity of the mixture of etridiazole and thiophanate-methyl against damping-off of pepper and cucumber, caused by R. solani and P. ultimum was tested in a greenhouse. With the inoculation of R. solani, disease incidences of seedling in pepper were 73% and 95% at 0.5% and 1.0% of inoculum concentration, while in cucumber those were 55% and 62% at 1.0% and 2.0%. When P. ultimum was inoculated into soil by 2.0% of inoculum concentration, those in pepper and cucumber were 66.7% and 96.8%, respectively. The efficacy of the mixture was somehow affected by the concentration of R. solani. While each control value of the mixture was 94.4% and 90.7% in pepper and cucumber at low inoculum concentration (0.05%), the efficacy of the fungicide decreased in pepper and cucumber by 70.7% and 72.9% at high concentration of R. solani (0.1% in pepper and 0.5% in cucumber). However, the control value of the mixture was 100% in pepper and cucumber, irrespective of the inoculum concentration of P. ultimum, however, the increase of inoculum concentration in soil did not result in the decrease of the fungicide efficacy.

Yield characteristics and medium composition of winter mushroom in cultivation farms in Korea (국내 팽이버섯 재배농가의 배지조성 및 수량 특성)

  • Lee, Chan-jung;Lee, Eun-ji;Park, Hye-sung;Lim, Ji-hoon;Min, Gyeong-Jin;Kong, Won-Sik
    • Journal of Mushroom
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.120-124
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    • 2020
  • This study was conducted to provide basic data for setting a standard medium for winter mushroom cultivation. Investigation of medium composition in winter mushroom farms in Korea revealed that the types of medium used for each farm were slightly different and that the mixing ratio of the medium also varied. All farmers used corncob, rice bran, and beet pulp as the main media, and calcium carbonate and ground oyster shells were used at 1.0~3.8% to adjust the pH of the medium. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of the mixed media showed nitrogen content of 1.28~1.52%, carbon content of 45.7~48.5%, and C/N ratio of 30.7~37.9. The content of inorganic components was significantly different in each farm, depending on the type and amount of minerals in the mixed medium. Mycelial growth was the fastest at Farm 2, reaching 6.5 cm within 34 days of culture, followed by Farm 4 at 5.7 cm, whereas Farm 1, 3, and 5 showed similar growth. Mycelial density was high without any significant difference between farms. Survey of yield according to medium composition in each farm showed the highest yield in Farm 2 at 173.4 g/bottle, followed by Farm 1 at 168.4 g/bottle, whereas Farm 3 and 4 showed similar yield. However, Farm 4 had the lowest yield at 145.4 g/bottle. Therefore, mushroom yield was different depending on the medium composition in the farm, and thus selection of a medium that can be used universally in multiple mushroom farms was considered possible.

Growth Characteristics of Oyster Mushroom Upon Replacement of Cotton Seed Meal with Rapeseed Meal (면실박 대체 채종박 첨가에 따른 느타리 생육 특성)

  • Choi, Jun-Yeong;Kim, Jeong-Han;Kim Yeon-Jin;Lee, Chae-Young;Baek, Il-Seon;Ha, Tai-Moon;Lee, Chan-Jung;Lim, Gab-June
    • Journal of Mushroom
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.168-172
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    • 2022
  • This study was conducted to investigate the optimum supplementation ratio when replacing cotton seed meal with rapeseed meal for cultivating oyster mushrooms. The chemical properties among the treatments were pH 4.5~4.7, total carbon content was 46.3~46.5%, total nitrogen content was 1.6~1.7%, and carbon-nitrogen ratio was 27.0~27.8. These did not differ significantly from the control. Mycelial growth was 85.1 mm (Heuktari), and 72.8 mm (Suhan-1Ho) in medium containing 5% rapeseed meal, with no significant difference in mycelial density between cultivars. Fruiting body characteristics are as follows: In 'Heuktari', the color of the pileus was darker than control with an L value of 32.5, and pileus thickness and diameter were 3.2 mm and 27.6 mm, respectively. Stipe length and diameter were 86.0 mm and 9.1 mm, respectively. Valid stipe number per bottle (1,100 cc) was 25.9, and a yield of 189.7 g/1,100 cc was recorded in mixed medium containing 5% rapeseed meal (higher than control). In mixed medium containing 10% rapeseed meal, the yield was 184.5 g/1,100 cc (comparable to control). In 'Suhan-1Ho', supplemented with 5% rapeseed meal, pileus color was darker than control color, with an L value of 28.8. Pileus thickness was 4.5 mm. Stipe diameter was 12.3 mm (higher than control), and yield was 145.5 g/1,100 cc (comparable to control).

Menadione Sodium Bisulfite-Protected Tomato Leaves against Grey Mould via Antifungal Activity and Enhanced Plant Immunity

  • Jo, Youn Sook;Park, Hye Bin;Kim, Ji Yun;Choi, Seong Min;Lee, Da Sol;Kim, Do Hoon;Lee, Young Hee;Park, Chang-Jin;Jeun, Yong-Chull;Hong, Jeum Kyu
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.335-345
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    • 2020
  • Tomato grey mould has been one of the destructive fungal diseases during tomato production. Ten mM of menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) was applied to tomato plants for eco-friendly control of the grey mould. MSB-reduced tomato grey mould in the 3rd true leaves was prolonged at least 7 days prior to the fungal inoculation of two inoculum densities (2 × 104 and 2 × 105 conidia/ml) of Botrytis cinerea. Protection efficacy was significantly higher in the leaves inoculated with the lower disease pressure of conidial suspension compared to the higher one. MSB-pretreatment was not effective to arrest oxalic acid-triggered necrosis on tomato leaves. Plant cell death and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were restricted in necrotic lesions of the B. cinereainoculated leaves by the MSB-pretreatment. Decreased conidia number and germ-tube elongation of B. cinerea were found at 10 h, and mycelial growth was also impeded at 24 h on the MSB-pretreated leaves. MSB-mediated disease suppressions were found in cotyledons and different positions (1st to 5th) of true leaves inoculated with the lower conidial suspension, but only 1st to 3rd true leaves showed decreases in lesion sizes by the higher inoculum density. Increasing MSB-pretreatment times more efficiently decreased the lesion size by the higher disease pressure. MSB led to inducible expressions of defence-related genes SlPR1a, SlPR1b, SlPIN2, SlACO1, SlChi3, and SlChi9 in tomato leaves prior to B. cinerea infection. These results suggest that MSB pretreatment can be a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for environment-friendly management of tomato grey mould.

Asexual Stage and Fruit Formation of Cordyceps staphylinidaecola (유충노랑곰보동충하초(Cordyceps staphylindaecola)의 불완전세대와 자실체 형성)

  • Sung, Jae-Mo;Hong, Sung-Jun;Humber, R.A.;Spatafora, J.W.
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2003
  • One hundred fifty one specimens of Beauveria spp. from 19 different locations were collected from September 1 to August 31, 2002. Most of the isolates were identified as Beauveria. bassiana. Cordyceps staphylinidaecola collected from Mt. Obong in Chunchon City covered the host with mycelia which were produced 1 to 4 stromata along with asexual spores. The size of bright yellow ununiform stromata were about 45 mm and the head about $17mm{\times}4mm$. Perithecia completely immersed were $530{\sim}550{\times}290{\sim}300{\mu}m$ in size and mainly scattered on the head. Ascospore produced in asci in the size of $400{\sim}450{\times}4{\sim}5{\mu}m$ developed thread-like secondary spores, which were directly separated into secondary conidial spores. Conidia produced at apical portion of synnemata were $2.6{\sim}3.4{\times}1.2{\sim}1.9{\mu}m$ in size. High density of mycelium was observed at $25^{\circ}C$ ranged from pH 6.5 to 8.5 after 11 days of inoculation. It took 15 to 18 days after inoculation to fully grow on the medium mixed brown rice with pupa. Mycelium developed stromata on the medium 30 days after completion of mycelial growth, where perithecia were produced in 40 days.

Regeneration of Seedlings under Different Vegetation Types and Effects of Allelopathy on Seedling Establishment of Abies koreana in the Banyabong Peak, Mt. Chiri (지리산(智異山) 구상나무림(林)에서 타감작용(他感作用)이 치수형성(稚樹形成)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Kim, Goon Bo;Lee, Kyung Joon;Hyun, Jung Oh
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.87 no.2
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    • pp.230-238
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    • 1998
  • This study was conducted to compare the regeneration of the seedlings under different vegetation types and to identify the presence of allelopathy in Abies koreana(Ak) natural forest in Banyabong Peak(elevation, 1715m), of Mt. Chiri. Twenty quadrats($10m{\times}10m$) were placed in May, 1996 to classify vegetation structure using TWINSPAN. Water-soluble extracts from leaves and soil humus of different vegetation types were collected to test their effects on both seed germination of Ak and mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Phenolic compounds from soil humus were quantified using HPLC. Among the four vegetation types, Sasa borealis(Sb) was found in both Ak-Quercus mongolica(Qm) and Ak-Rhododendron schlippenbachii(Rs) communities. Natural seeding of Ak was $230,000{\pm}90,000seeds/ha$ in 1995 and their germination rate was 25% in an ideal laboratory condition. Density of Ak seedlings less than 5cm in height was 52,000/ha in 1996, while that of seedlings taller than 5cm in height was only 4,000/ha. In the case of Ak-Qm community, density of Ak seedlings with Sb understory was only 7% of the density of seedlings with Rs understary, suggesting the inhibitory effect of Sb. The germination rate of Ak seeds was significantly reduced by leaf extracts of Sb, and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum(Rm) and Ak. Soil humus extract of Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity reduced germination of Ak seeds by 81% and also reduced by 19% the respiration of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fumgus, Lactarius sp. Among the seven phenolic compounds identified from the soil humus, extract, Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity contained significantly high content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid. Particularly, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was present at 4.2ppm in the Sb roots and at 16.5ppm in the Sb humus, suggesting that it could be the primary allelopathic compound in Abies koreana forests with Sasa borealis understory.

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Relationship between Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera) and Rice Diseases (멸구류(類)(벼멸구 및 흰등멸구)와 수도병해(水稻病害)의 복합발생피해(複合發生被害)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • LEE, S.C.;Matias, D.M.;Mew, T.W.;Sorino, J.S.;Heinrichs, E.A.
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.24 no.2 s.63
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    • pp.65-70
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    • 1985
  • The locational preference of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens ($St{\aa}l$) and the whitebacked plant hopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera(Horvath) was studied on rice cultivars IR22 and IR36 as an integral part of subsequent research on insect-fungal pathogen relationships. The BPH was observed to stay consistently on the basal portion while the WBPH showed a general preference for the upper portion regardless of varieties, rice growth stages and insect population density levels. The habitat preference of both species (BPH and WBPH) was found not to be affected by the presence of the other species when both species are present on the same host plant Five rice cultivars with different reactions to BPH biotype 2 were used in the study on BPH-Rhizoctonia solani relationship: IR22 and TN1 (susceptible); Triveni and ASD7 (moderately resistant); and IR42 (resistant). Test plants were inoculated with R. solani (Kuhn) $3{\sim}4$days after insect infestation. Sheath blight disease severity/incidence was significantly higher in the treatment where BPH+R. solani were together than in the treatment with only the pathogen. Symptom expression of the disease in the BPH-pathogen combination was faster and mycelial growth was more profuse inducing the formation of more infection structures. Regardless of varietal reaction to BPH biotype 2, the degree of hopperburn was significantly higher in the combination of the two pests as compared with that of BPH alone. There could be a synergistic relationship between the insect pest and the pathogen indicated by a positive interaction between the two species.

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