DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Asexual Stage and Fruit Formation of Cordyceps staphylinidaecola

유충노랑곰보동충하초(Cordyceps staphylindaecola)의 불완전세대와 자실체 형성

  • Sung, Jae-Mo (Department of Environmental Biology, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Hong, Sung-Jun (Department of Environmental Biology, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Humber, R.A. (USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures (ARSEF) USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit US Plant, Soil & Nutrition Laboratory) ;
  • Spatafora, J.W. (Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University) ;
  • 성재모 (강원대학교 생물환경학부) ;
  • 홍성준 (강원대학교 생물환경학부) ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • Published : 2003.04.30

Abstract

One hundred fifty one specimens of Beauveria spp. from 19 different locations were collected from September 1 to August 31, 2002. Most of the isolates were identified as Beauveria. bassiana. Cordyceps staphylinidaecola collected from Mt. Obong in Chunchon City covered the host with mycelia which were produced 1 to 4 stromata along with asexual spores. The size of bright yellow ununiform stromata were about 45 mm and the head about $17mm{\times}4mm$. Perithecia completely immersed were $530{\sim}550{\times}290{\sim}300{\mu}m$ in size and mainly scattered on the head. Ascospore produced in asci in the size of $400{\sim}450{\times}4{\sim}5{\mu}m$ developed thread-like secondary spores, which were directly separated into secondary conidial spores. Conidia produced at apical portion of synnemata were $2.6{\sim}3.4{\times}1.2{\sim}1.9{\mu}m$ in size. High density of mycelium was observed at $25^{\circ}C$ ranged from pH 6.5 to 8.5 after 11 days of inoculation. It took 15 to 18 days after inoculation to fully grow on the medium mixed brown rice with pupa. Mycelium developed stromata on the medium 30 days after completion of mycelial growth, where perithecia were produced in 40 days.

Beauveria속균은 2000년 9월 1일부터 2002년 8월 31일까지 총 151개 표본이 채집되었고 분리된 균주는 25개다. 분리된 균주는 대부분 Beauveria bassiana에 속하는 것으로 나타내었다. 춘천시 삼악산에서 채집한 유충노랑곰보 동충하초의 특성은 기주를 균사에 의하여 쌓여있으며 자좌는 기주로부터 하나 내지 4개가 나오며 분생포자도 같이 형성되었다. 밝은 노란색의 자좌는 45 mm 이고 머리는 $17mm{\times}4mm$ 이고 자루 28mm 이지만 경계는 뚜렷하지 않았다. 자낭각은 머리에 조밀하게 분포되어 있고 묻힌형이고 크기는 $530{\sim}550{\times}290{\sim}300{\mu}m$이었고 자낭은 $400{\sim}450{\times}4{\sim}5{\mu}m$이었다. 자낭포자는 실 모양이고 2차 포자로 분열한 후 바로 둥근 2차 포자를 형성하였다. Cordyceps staphyl- indaecola의 불완전 세대는 형태적인 특징인 분생자경은 rachis로 분생포자세포는 정단으로 생장하였으며 작은 목에서부터 원형의 분생포자를 형성하였다. 크기는 $2.6{\sim}3.4{\times}1.2{\sim}1.9{\mu}m$로 Beauveria bassiana로 동정하였다. 균사생육에 가장 적합한 배지는 HM이었고 기본 액체배지로는 HM, MCM 배지에서 우수한 건조 균체량을 나타내었다. 11일간 배양하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 가장 우수한 생장과 밀도를 나타냈으며 $pH6.5{\sim}pH8.5$까지 배지에서 균사생장이 양호하였다. 현미와 번데기 배지에서 균사가 배지의 표면을 채우는 데 일주일이 걸리며 15일이나 18일이 되면 밝은 균사집합체에서 분생자병속이 형성되기 시작하였고 40일 후에는 분생자병속에 분생포자가 형성되기도 하나 간혹 자낭각이 형성되는 자좌도 있었다. 배양에서 형성된 자실체와 자연에서 채집한 자실체는 형태적으로 비슷하나 인공적으로 머리부분에서 자낭각이 형성하게 하는 것은 매우 어려운 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Arx, J. A. von. 1986. Tolypocladium, a synonym of Beauveria. Mycotaxon 25: 153-158.
  2. Balsamo, C. G. 1835. Osservazione sopra una nuova specie di Mucedinea del genere Botrytis, etc. Bibl Ital. pp. 79-125.
  3. Beauverie, M. J. 1914. Les muscardines, le genre Beauveria Vuillemin. Rev Gen Bot. 26: 81-157.
  4. Bello, V. A. and Paccola-Meirelles, L. D. 1998. Localization of auxotrophic and benomyl resistance markers through the parasexual cycle in the Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. entomopathogen. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 72: 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1998.4768
  5. Booth, C. 1961. Studies of Pyrenomycetes. VI. Thielavia, with notes on some allied genera. Mycol. Papers (Commonw Mycol Inst, Kew) 83 :1-15.
  6. Carmichael, J. W., Kendrick, W. B., Conners, I. L. kand Sigler, L. 1980. Genera of Hyphomycetes. pp. 386. Edmonton, Alberta: The University of Alberta Press.
  7. Couteaudier, Y and Viaud, M. 1997. New insights into population of Beauveria bassiana with regard to vegetative compatibility groups and telomeric restriction fragment length polymorphisms. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 22: 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00369.x
  8. Feng, M. G., Poprawski, T. J. and Khachatourians, G. G. 1994. Production, formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for insect control: current status. Biocontrol. Sci. Technol. 4: 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159409355309
  9. Ferron, P. 1981. Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium. pp. 465-498. In: Burges, H. D. ed. Microbial control of pests and plant diseases 1970-1980. London, UK: Academic Press.
  10. Glare, T. R. 1992. Fungal pathogens of scarabs. In: T. A. Jackson TA, Glare TR. eds. Use of pathogens in scarab pest management. pp. 63-77. Andover, UK: Intercept.
  11. Hoog, G. S. de. 1972. The genera Beauveria, Isaria, Tritirachium, and Acrodontium, gen. nov. Stud. Mycol. (Baarn) 1: 1-41.
  12. Hoog, G. S. de. 1978. Notes on some fungicolous Hyphomycetes and their relatives. Persoonia (Leiden) 10: 33-81.
  13. Hoog, G. S. de. and Rao, V. 1975. Some new Hyphomycetes. Persoonia (Leiden) 8: 207-212.
  14. Humber, R. A. 2000. Fungal pathogens and parasites of insects. pp. 203-230. In: Priest, F. G. and Goodfellow, M. eds. Applied microbial systematics. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  15. Hur, J. 1966. Dongeuibogam. pp. 787. Seoul: Namsandang.
  16. Kawamoto, H. and Aizawa, K. 1989. Morphology of hyphal anastomosis in entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 24: 490-491. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.490
  17. Kobayasi, Y. 1941. The genus Cordyceps and its allies. Sci Rept Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku Sect. B 5: 53-260.
  18. Kobayasi, Y. 1982. Keys to the taxa of the genera Cordyceps and Torrubiella. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn. 23: 329-364.
  19. Kobayasi, Y. and Shimizu, D. 1976. The genus Cordyceps and its allies from New Guinea. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Ser. B 2: 133-151.
  20. Kobayasi, Y.and Shimizu, D. 1978. Cordyceps species from Japan. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Ser. B 4: 43-63.
  21. Kobayasi, Y.and Shimizu, D. 1982. Cordyceps species from Japan 4. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Ser. B 8: 79-91.
  22. Kobayasi, Y.;Shimizu, D. 1983. Iconography of vegetable wasps and worms. pp. 280. Osaka, Japan: Hoikusha Publishing Company Limited.
  23. Koval. E. Z. 1984. Klavitsipitalnie gribi SSSR. Kiev, pp. 287. USSR: Naukova Dumka.
  24. Li, Z. Z. 1988. A list of insect hosts of Beauveria bassiana. pp. 241-255. In: Li, Y. W., Li, Z. Z, Liang, J. W., Wu, Z. K. and Zi, Q. F. eds. Study and application of entomogenous fungi in China. Beijing: PR China: Academic Periodical Press.
  25. Li, Z. Z., Li, C. R., Huang, B. and Fan, M. Z. 2001. Discovery and demonstration of the teleomorph of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., an important entomogenous fungus. Chinese Sci. Bull. (in press).
  26. MacLeod, D. M. 1954. Investigations on the genera Beauveria Vuill. and Tritirachium Limber. Can. J. Bot. 32: 818-890. https://doi.org/10.1139/b54-070
  27. McCoy, C. W. 1990. Entomogenous fungi as microbial pesticides. pp. 139-159. In: Baker, R. R. and Dunn, P. E. eds. New directions in biological control. New York, New York: A. R. Liss.
  28. Paccola-Meirelles, L. D. and Azevedo, J. L. 1991. Parasexuality in Beauveria bassiana. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57: 172-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90113-5
  29. Roberts, D. W. and Humber, R. A. 1981. Conidial fungi and man: entomogenous fungi. pp. 201-236. In: Cole, G. A. and Kendrick, W. B. eds. Biology of conidial fungi. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Academic Press.
  30. Samson, R. A. and Evans, H. C. 1982. Two new Beauveria spp. from South America. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 39: 93-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90162-8
  31. Samson, R. A., Evans, H. C. and Large, J. P. 1988. Atlas of Entomopathogenic Fungi. pp. 187. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
  32. Schaerffenberg, B. 1955. Die Hauptfruchtform (Ascus-Form) von Beauveria bassiana (Vuill.) Link und B. densa (Vuill.) Link. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzensch. 62: 544-549.
  33. Sharon, A., Yamaguchi, K., Christiansen, S., Horwitz, B. A., Yoder, O. C. and Turgeon, B. G. 1996. An asexual fungus has the potential for sexual development. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251: 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02174345
  34. Shimazu, T., Kushida, T. and Katakiri, T. 1984. Beauveria amorpha Samson et Evans isolated from Anomala spp. Jpn. J. Appl. Ent. Zool. 28: 30-32. https://doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.28.30
  35. Shimazu, M., Mitsuhasi, W. and Hashimoto, H. 1988. Cordyceps brongniartii sp nov. the teleomorph of Beauveria brongniartii. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn. 29: 323-330.
  36. Shimizu, D. 1994. Color iconography of vegetable wasps and animal worms. Tokyo, Japan: Seibundo Shinkosha. 381 p.
  37. Shimizu, S. and Aizawa, K. 1988. Serological classification of Beavueria bassiana. Mycopathologia 111: 85-90.
  38. Sung, J. M. 1996. The insects-born fungi of Korea in color. Seoul, Korea: Kyohak Publishing Company, Limited.
  39. Turgeon, B. G. 1998. Application of mating type gene technology to problems in fungal biology. Ann. Rev. Phytpathol. 36: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.115
  40. Ying, J., Mao, X., Ma, Q., Zong, Y. and Wen, H. 1987. Icons of medicinal fungi from China. pp. 575. Beijing, China: Science Press.
  41. Yun, S. H., Berbee, M. L., Yoder, O. C. and Turgeon, B. G. 1999. Evolution of the fungal self-fertile reproductive life style from self-sterile ancestors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 5592-5597. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.10.5592