• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.479-486
• /
• 2005

Arabinoxylan, a complex polysaccharide in cereal cell walls, has recently received research attention as a biological response modifier. The immunomodulating effect of arabinoxylans from rice bran (AXrb) was studied using a combined process of extrusion and commercial hemicellulase treatment in order to elucidate the augmentation mechanism of cell-mediated immunity in vitro. The cytotoxicity of mouse spleen lymphocytes against YAC-1 tumor cells was significantly enhanced by treatment with AXrb at $10-100\;{\mu}g/mL$. In an attempt to investigate the mechanism by which AXrb enhance NK cytotoxicity, we examined the effect of AXrb on cytokine production by spleen lymphocytes. Culture supernatants of the cells incubated with AXrb were collected and analyzed for IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ synthesis by ELISA. IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ production were increased significantly. These results suggest that AXrb may induce Th1 immune responses. Macrophages play an important role in host defenses against tumors by killing them and producing secretory products, which protect against bacterial, viral infection and malignant cell growth. AXrb were examined for their ability to induce secretory and cellular responses in murine peritoneal macrophages. When macrophages were treated with various concentrations ($10-100\;{\mu}g/mL$) of AXrb, AXrb induced tumoricidal activity, as well as increasing phagocytosis and the production of NO, $H_2O_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. These results indicate that reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and inflammatory cytokines are likely to be the major mediators of tumoricidal activity in AXrb-treated macrophages. Therefore, AXrb may be useful in cancer immunotherapy and it is anticipated that AXrb obtained using extrusion and subsequent enzyme treatment can be used as an ingredient in nutraceuticals and cereal-based functional food.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.104-112
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of extract from GuBoEum(GBE) on the peritoneal macrophage. To evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of GBE. I measured cytokines (interleukin-6; IL-6, interleukin-12; IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$; TNF-$\alpha$) and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced macrophages. Furthermore, I examined molecular mechanism using western blot and also LPS-induced endotoxin shock. Extract from GBE does not have any cytotoxic effect in the peritoneal macrophages. Extract from GBE reduced LPS-induced IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-12 and NO production in peritoneal macrophages. GBE inhibited the activation of extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK), C-Jun $NH_2$-terminal kinase (JNK) but not of p38, degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ in the LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. GBE inhibited the production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-12 in serum after LPS injection. These results suggest that GBE may inhibit the production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, and IL-12 through inhibition of ERK and JNK activation, and that GBE may be beneficial oriental medicine for inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.496-505
• /
• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng is a marvelous herbal remedy for all ailments of body. That may be why it is called Panax, which means "cure for all". Melanin is a pigment that gives color to our skin; however, increased melanin production can lead to tumor formation. Human exposure to ultraviolet B radiation has increased extensively owing to the increased sunlight due to global warming. Consequently, a phenomenon called photoaging has been observed for all skin colors and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, which serve as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen, is increased, causing depletion of collagen and resulting in early wrinkle formation. Methods: Therefore, in our study, we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the inhibition of melanogenesis by Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to artificial ultraviolet B to examine the efficacy of KRG in vivo. We prepared a 3% red ginseng extract cream and evaluated its effects on human skin. Results: Our results demonstrated that KRG induced potent suppression of tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells; moreover, it reduced the transcription and translation of components involved in the melanin production pathway. In the in vivo experiments, KRG potently suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reduced wrinkle formation, and inhibited collagen degradation. On human skin, ginseng cream increased skin resilience and skin moisture and enhanced skin tone. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that KRG is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.67 no.4
• /
• pp.303-310
• /
• 2009

Background: Elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK-1) is observed in a wide variety of cancers. Augmented expression of COX-2 and enhanced production of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ are associated with increased tumor cell survival and malignancy; COX-2 has been implicated in the control of human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell growth. PLK-1 siRNA induced the cell death of lung cancer cells and the systemic administration of PLK-1 siRNA/atelocollagen complex inhibited the growth of lung cancer in a liver metastatic murine model. COX-2 and PLK-1 are involved in proliferation and in cell cycle regulation, and there is a significant correlation between their interaction in prostate carcinoma. Methods: In this study, we investigated the pattern of COX-2 and PLK-1 expression in NSCLC, after treatment with IL-1$\beta$, COX-2 inhibitor and PLK-1 siRNA. Results: Expression of PLK-1 was decreased in A549 COX-2 sense cells, and was increased in A549 COX-2 anti-sense cells. Knock out of PLK-1 expression by PLK-1 siRNA augmented COX-2 expression in A549 and NCl-H157 cells. When A549 and NCI-H157 cells were treated with COX-2 inhibitor on a dose-dependent basis, PLK-1 and COX-2 were reduced. However, when the expression of COX-2 was induced by IL-1$\beta$, the production of PLK-1 decreased. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that COX-2 and PLK-1 are regulated and inhibited by each other in NSCLC, and suggest that these proteins have a reverse relationship in NSCLC.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2011

Objectives : Achyranthes japonica (AJ) has been used as an anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. However, it is unclear that AJ could show the anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. In this experiment, we studied whether AJ could inhibit the inflammatory responses in macrophages. Methods : To measure out the cytotoxicity of AJ, we performed the MTT assay. We evaluated the nitric oxide (NO) production, and cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. We also investigated the cellular mechanims such as mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK)s and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). Results : AJ inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production. AJ also inhibited production levels of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a in LPS-stimulated macrophage. Finally, western blot analysis showed that AJ treatment inhibited the activation of p38 but not of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-jun NH2-terminal kinase and NF-kB. Conclusions : These results showed that AJ down-regulated the inflammatory response via p38 in macrophages, which suggest that AJ could be a candidate on treating inflammatory diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.1140-1148
• /
• 2017

For the purpose of developing new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli, ethanol extract (BCEE), hot water extract (BCHW), and crude polysaccharide (BCCP) were isolated from broccoli, and their immunomodulatory activities and chemical properties were examined. In the in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, BCHW and BCCP did not affect the growth of tumor cells and normal cells. Murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with BCCP showed higher production of IL-6, IL-12, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ cytokines than those stimulated with BCHW. Also, BCHW and BCCP did not show proliferation of splenic lymphocytes. In the in vitro assay for intestinal immunomodulatory activities, only BCCP enhanced GM-CSF secretion and the bone marrow cell-proliferating activity via cells in Peyer's patches at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. Also, BCHW mainly contained 33.7% neutral sugars, such as arabinose, glucose, and galactose, and 30.7% uronic acid, and BCCP consisted of 42.6% neutral sugars, including arabinose, galactose, and glucose, and 50.5% uronic acid. The above results lead us to conclude that crude polysaccharide (BCCP) isolated from broccoli causes considerably high cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow cell proliferation, and the polysaccharide extraction process is indispensable for separation of new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1622-1627
• /
• 2004

Nephrite has been widely used as a medicinal mineral resource to treat a numerous chronic diseases and to replenish vital essence and blood in the Korean traditional medicine. However, as of yet, there is little understanding of the pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of its therapeutic effects as regards anti-inflammation. We therefore examined whether nephrite represses the expression of major inflammation mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 by using RT-PCR. The powder suspension and water extracts of nephrite significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the mediators, despite a little toxic effects on growth of RAW 264.7 cells within the concentration range tested. These experimental results suggested that the nephrite can be utilized as a functional mineral exerting the anti-inflammation medicinal effect.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.131-136
• /
• 2015

The basidiomycete Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus belongs to the Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae, and grows on the needleleaf tree. The fruiting bodies of Laetiporus species are known to produce N-methylated tyramine derivatives, polysaccharides, and various lanostane triterpenoids. As part of our ongoing effort to discover biologically active compounds from wood-rotting fungi, an anti-inflammatory triterpene, LSM-H7, has been isolated from the fruiting body of L. sulphureus var. miniatus and identified as acetyl eburicoic acid. LSM-H7 dose-dependently inhibited the NO production in RAW 264.7 cells without any cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Furthermore it suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$, when compared with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These data suggest that LSM-H7 is a crucial component for the anti-inflammatory activity of L. sulphureus var. miniatus.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.117-128
• /
• 2001

Gamiseunggal-tang(G-tang) has long been used for the treatment of acute and chronic allergic diseases(especially, urticaria) in oriental medicine. But, It's mechanism of action is not well investigated. Anal therapy is another way of taking medicine, which is not used in common situation but available for the treatment of colon and anal diseases. It is also used in GI tract diseases, Gynecological diseases, and pediatric diseases and so on. It is especially benefitable for patients who are in such situations as coma, severe vomiting, and swallowing difficulty. In this study, the author investigated the effects of G-tang by anal therapy on acute and chronic allergic reactions in murine model. The results obtained are as follows: 1. G-tang(0.01, 0.1 g/kg) inhibited the compound 48/80-induced ear swelling response in mice. Inhibitory effects of G-tang was significant (P<0.05) at the dose of 0.01 g/kg. 2. G-tang(0.001-0.1 g/kg) inhibited the cutaneous allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl(DNP) IgE in rats. Especially, G-tang 0.01, 0.1 g/kg inhibited the cutaneous allergic reaction significantly. 3. G-tang(0.01-1 g/L) dose-dependently inhibited the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from the peritoneal mast cells. 4. G-tang(0.001-0.1 g/L) had a inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ production. Above results indicate that anal therapy of G-tang may be beneficial in the treatment of acute and chronic allergic diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.368-375
• /
• 2003

Cancer cachexia, characterized by weight loss and progressive tissue wasting, has been postulated to be mediated by cytokines. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Korean Traditional Medicine (KTM ; mokhyang, jisil, osooyu) mixture on food intake, blood cytokines level and blood nutrients status of the cachexia induced-mice. Thirty male Balb/c mice aged 6-8 weets were blocked into 3 groups that were Normal (no colon26 cells) Control (colon 26 cells) and KTM (colon26 cells + KTM extract mixture) group. In Control and KTM groups, murine adenocarcinoma colon 26 cells were injected subcutaneously to induce cachexia. KTM mice were given 200 ul KTM extract mixture (7%) per day. Half of each groups were sacrificed at the 14 th day to see serum cytokines & nutrients and the others were fed until almost of control group died to see life span. food intake and body weight were decreased significantly in cachexia induced groups. Tumor weight of KTM group was significantly lower than control group. Serum cytokines (IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$) level of cachexia induced groups were increased than those of normal group, and those of KTM group were significantly lower than the level of control group. Total serum protein and serum albumin were higher in KTM group than other groups. TG and fatty acid were lower in cachexia induced groups than normal group. HDL-cholesterol in serum was increased in KTM group. Effect of oral administration of KTM extract mixture on survival time of colon26 bearing mice showed extension of the life span. Overall, this study showed that KTM (mokhyang, jisil, osooyu) extract mixture inhibited the growth of cancer cell, changed the secretion of cytokines induced by colon26 adenocarcinoma in mice, and changed nutrition metabolism.