• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.192-196
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• 2004

In order to measure cellular physiological activity including ion channel activity, protoplasts were isolated from the root tissue of tomato plant. The general methods recommended were not efficient enough to make protoplasts from the root tissue. Among various conditions tested, we found that a two-step treatment of osmosis is very efficient for the isolation of protoplasts. In this procedure, root tissues were preincubated in a solution containing 300 mM sorbitol for 30 min. Then, they moved to the reaction solution containing 700 mM sorbitol as well as cell wall-digesting enzymes. The formation of protoplast was greatly increased by this method. In order to find the optimal condition of the two-step method, various conditions of pH, osmotic pressure, incubation time, and the concentrations of cell wall-digesting enzymes were tested. The yield of protoplast isolation was maximal at pH 5.0 after 2 hr incubation. Mixed enzymes of 3% cellulase, 1 % macerozyme, and 0.1 % pectolyase showed maximal protoplast isolation. The physiological activity of isolated protoplast evaluated by measuring the cellular ATPase activity was as high as that measured from the preparation of root tissue. The protoplasts isolated by this method were remained healthy up to 4 hrs which is enough time to measure the cellular physiological activity. These results show that the two-step treatment of osmotic pressure was successful to obtain high yield of healthy protoplast from tomato root tissue.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.168-176
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• 2007

The sub-micron particles of poly ($\gamma-glutamic$ acid) (PGA) containing lysozyme have been prepared using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation process at various experimental conditions such as pressure, temperature, inner diameter of nozzle, and concentration. As overall results of the application of SAS process to this system, the smaller size powder has been produced as (i) increasing pressure, (ii) decreasing temperature, (iii) decreasing the inner diameter of nozzle, and (iv) decreasing the concentration of PGA and lysozyme. It is found by means of FT-IR analysis that during SAS process, the composition has changed from the original composition of PGA : lysozyme=50 : 50 into PGA : lysozyme=33 : 67 at final product powder. It means that PGA has higher solubility for the mixed solvent of carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Due to such difference of solubility, this particle forms the core-shell structure of which the core consists mainly of lysozyme. It is also found that the residual DMSO amount of $7.8\times10^{-3}wt%$ exists inside the powder.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.529-536
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• 2008

We manufactured poly (L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds impregnated demineralized bone particle (DBP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) by ice-particle leaching method and tested their ability of sustained release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF (50 and 200 ng) mixed with PLGA, DBP/PLGA, HA/PLGA and DBP/HA/PLGA scaffold. The release profiles of BDNF from BDNF loaded scaffolds were assayed using ELISA. Morphological changes of scaffolds by BDNF release were also observed by SEM. BDNF stably and sustainedly released from DBP/HNPLGA than from PLGA and DBP/PLGA scaffolds. DBP/HA/PLGA scaffolds showed the great structural changes, which demonstrated BDNF release amount from DBP/HA/PLGA scaffolds were highest in all groups. We suggest that BDNF loaded DBP/HNPLGA scaffold would be very useful for nerve regeneration.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2009

Civil appeals on odor from swine barn have been increasing. This study was conducted to compile basic data of odor from swine barns as civil appeals on odor have been increasing. Odor was monitored from two gestating sow barns and the boundary of those barns in Suwon and Hwaseong city from June to November, 2008. Mean ammonia concentration measured at the boundary of A piggery in Suwon city was 0.9 ppm with occasional breaks of permissible limit (1.0 ppm). Mean concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were 0.37 ppb and 0.01 ppb, which were lower than permissible limits of 20 ppb and 2 ppb, respectively. Mean ammonia concentration was 3.22 ppm and was maintained under 5.0 ppb. Ammonia concentration had increased since November when the barns were closed. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were lower than the permissible limits. Mean ammonia concentration measured at the boundary of B piggery in Hwaseong city was 16.3 ppm and steep increase of concentration was monitored after October when the barn was sealed up. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were 26.66 ppb and 7.45 ppb, respectively. In appropriate ventilation and raising environment would cause high ammonia concentration in swine barns. Emitted ammonia from barns and composting facilities were mixed, which would cause higher ammonia concentration on the boundary of barns. Hence improvement of raising environment, rapid manure treatment, and correct use of microbial preparation would be needed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.371-376
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• 2009

We evaluated in vitro microleakage of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) powder with 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) / methyl methacrylate (MMA) & tri-n-butylborane (TBB) resin as a retrograde filling material by using methylene blue dye method. Fifty-two single rooted, extracted teeth were instrumented and obturated with gutta percha and AH plus sealer. The apical 3mm of each root was resected and 3mm deep ultrasonic root end preparation was done. External surface of roots was coated with nail varnish. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups; Negative control: completely covered with nail varnish; Positive control: coated with nail varnish except for apical foramen; Group 1 (retrofilled with Portland cement); Group 2 (retrofilled with MTA); Group 3 (retrofilled with MTA powder mixed with 4-META/MMA & TBB resin). Immediately after completion of root-end filling, all specimens were submerged in methylene blue dye for 72 hours in $37^{\circ}C$incubator. The roots were longitudinally sectioned and measured for extent of dye penetration by three different examiners under microscope (${\times}$10). The results were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Turkey's HSD test. No leakage was evident in negative control and complete leakage in positive control group. Group 3 showed significantly less leakage than group 1 and 2 (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between group 1 and 2 (p > 0.01). It was concluded that MTA powder with 4-META/MMA & TBB resin was excellent in reducing initial apical microleakage.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

Yogurt base was prepared from skim milk added with 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% (w/v) garlic powder and fermented with Lactic acid bacteria (the mixed strain of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) at $42^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The yogurt products were evaluated for acid production such as pH and titrable acidity, number of viable cell, viscosity, color value and sensory properties. The titrable acidities of yogurt added with garlic powder were higher than that of control(0.73%). There was no significant difference in viable cell counts among samples except 0.3% garlic powder. The viscosity of 0.5% garlic yogurt was the highest than any other garlic yogurt. There was no significant difference in color difference among experimental groups. The overall sensory scores of yogurt added with 0.1% and 0.3% garlic powder were not significantly different with those of control. These results suggest that the added amounts of garlic powder to prepared yogurt are adequate below 0.3%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.525-533
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• 2009

To explore cattail pollen powder as a functional food ingredient, we analyzed the general components of pollen powder, tested changes in the physical properties of dough containing the powder, and investigated the process ability of powder-containing dough in bread making by adding 3%, 6%, or 9% by weight of pollen powder to wheat flour. Cattail pollen powder consisted of (all w/w) 12.7-13.2% water, 15.7-17.8% crude protein, 1.3% crude fat, 7.5-7.7% free sugar, 14.7-18.6% crude fiber, 3.4-4.9% pollen, and 49.7-55.9% soluble nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Analysis of the physical properties of dough mixed with pollen powder showed that as more pollen powder was added, the absorption rate increased, but dough stability decreased. With increasing levels of cattail pollen powder, the falling number decreased, and amylase activity increased. Fermentability was highest in dough made with 3% by weight of pollen powder, and the bread product made from such dough had the greatest volume. As more cattail pollen powder was added, the moisture activity in dough tended to decrease to a greater extent than seen in control dough, and this tendency increased with time. We found that longer storage periods were associated with greater hardness and springiness, which indicated degradation in product quality. Therefore, it is suggested that bread products containing cattail pollen powder should be consumed within 3 days of preparation. In a taste survey, bread baked with 3% (w/w) cattail pollen powder scored highest in all questionnaire items.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2021

In this study, we have prepared pure planar-type ZnO and calamine powder containing both ZnO and Fe₂O₃ components as a raw material for cosmetics with UV and blue band blocking functions. The planar-type ZnO ceramic powder having a high aspect ratio in the range of 20:1 to 50:1 was synthesized by precipitation method in a zinc acetate and sodium citrate mixed solution with the electrolyte obtained by power generation with a zinc-air battery. The content of Fe₂O₃ in the artificial calamine ceramic powder could be increased by increasing the amount of iron chloride solution added, and in this case, some of the blue region of visible light and ultraviolet light were remarkably absorbed. When potassium acetate was added, the decomposition of the Zn(OH)₄^2- anion in the solution was promoted to facilitate the growth of ZnO crystal in the form of a barrier wall in the vertical direction on the (0001) plane, which could increase UV absorption by providing more opportunities. By controlling the amount of iron chloride solution and potassium acetate solution added, the composition and shape of the thin film plate-shaped artificial calamine ceramic powder can be optimized, and when applied to cosmetic formulations, the light transmittance of the blue region can be greatly reduced.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.557-568
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• 2018

The manufacturing techniques were studied by investigating a precise analysis on wall structure, features of materials and the painting layer of the bracket mural paintings at Daeungbojeon Hall in Naesosa temple. The wall frame is a single-branch structure, and The mural paintings are composed of 3 layers which are a support layer, a finishing layer and a painting layer. The support layer and the finishing layer are an earth wall that sand and clay such as Quartz, Feldspar, and etc. are mixed. The support and the finishing layers have a combination of medium particle sand and smaller than fine particle sand in the approximate ratios of 0.8:9.2 and 6:4, respectively. Therefore, the aforementioned ratio of sand with medium or large particles is relatively higher in the finishing layer than the support layer. As a result of a precise analysis on the painting layer, it has a relatively thick ground layer for painting which is maximum $456.15{\mu}m$ by using Celadonite or Glauconite and the paintings were colored by using pigments such as Atacamite, Kaolinite or Halloysite, Oxidized steel, and etc. on it. The manufacturing style and the painting techniques of an earth wall are included in the category of the Joseon Dynasty style that have been studied up to now, but the facts that the finishing layer has a high content of sand and a middle layer and chopped straw have not been identified. These are remarkable points in terms of structure and materials, and can be crucial in the evaluation of the state of conservation of mural paintings or preparation of a conservation plan.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2018

This study was carried out to determine the effect of enzymatically saccharified Korean rice wine lees powder (eKRWLP) on the quality characteristics and storage stability of curd yogurt. Yogurt with different contents [0.5-2.0% (w/w)] of eKRWLP was incubated with commercially available mixed lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium longum) at $40^{\circ}C$ for 18 h. The production of acid measured at pH and titratable acidity of yogurts increased with increasing eKRWLP content. After 12 h fermentation, titratable acidity of eKRWLP yogurt was 0.77-0.90% and was higher than that (0.72%) of yogurt made without eKRWLP. The viable cell counts of lactic acid bacteria in eKRWLP yogurts were increased in proportion to the addition of eKRWLP, and increased up to 8.01-8.13 log CFU/g after 12 h incubation. The repressive effect of whey separation in eKRWLP yogurt curd significantly decreased than that in Korean rice wine lees powder (KRWLP) yogurt. With sensory evaluation, yogurt with 0.5% eKRWLP obtained the highest scores among all eKRWLP yogurts. When eKRWLP yogurts and the control preparations fermented for 12 h were incubated at $4^{\circ}C$, their pHs and titratable acidities were slightly changed and the number of viable lactic acid bacteria were well maintained above $10^7CFU/g$ for 16 days.