• Title/Summary/Keyword: Microglial cell

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EFFECTS OF MANDIBULAR NERVE TRANSECTION ON TRIGEMINAL GANGLION NEURONS AND THE ACTIVATION OF MICROGLIAL CELLS IN THE MEDULLARY DORSAL HORN (하악신경 절삭이 삼차신경절 신경세포와 연수후각 소교세포 활성화에 미치는 영향)

  • Lim, Yo-Han;Choie, Mok-Kyun
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.227-237
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    • 2007
  • Microglial cell activation is known to contribute to neuropathic pain following spinal sensory nerve injuries. In this study, I investigated its mechanisms in the case of trigeminal sensory nerve injuries by which microglial cell and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) would contribute to the facial pain hypersensitivity following mandibular nerve transection (MNT). And also investigated the changes of trigeminal ganglion neurons and ERK, p38 MAPK manifestations. Activation of microglial cells was monitored at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 60 day using immunohistochemical analyses. Microglial cell activation was primarily observed in the superficial laminae of the MDH. Microglial cell activation was initiated at postoperative 1 day, maximal at 3 day, maintained until 14 day and gradually reduced and returned to the basal level by 60 days after MNT. Pain hypersensitivity was also initiated and attenuated almost in parallel with microglial cell activation pattern. To investigate the contribution of the microglial cell activation to the pain hypersensitivity, minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial cell activation by means of p38 MAPK inhibition, was administered. Minocycline dose-dependently attenuated the development of the pain hypersensitivity in parallel with inhibition of microglial cell and p38 MAPK activation following MNT. Mandibular nerve transection induced the activation of ERK, but did not p38 MAPK in the trigeminal ganglion. These results suggest that microglial cell activation in the MDH and p38 MAPK activation in the hyperactive microglial cells play an important role in the development of facial neuropathic pain following MNT. The results also suggest that ERK activation in the trigeminal ganglion contributes microglial cell activation and facial neuropathic pain.

The Effects of Jeoreongchajeonja-tang(Zhulingjuqianzi-tang) on the βA and LPS Induced BV2 microglial cell (저령차전자탕(豬苓車前子湯)이 βA와 LPS로 처리된 BV2 microglial cell에 미치는 영향)

  • Ryu, Chang-Hee;Jung, In-Chul;Lee, Sang-Ryong
    • Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.145-159
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    • 2012
  • Objectives : This research investigates the effect of the JCT extract regarding Alzheimer's disease. Methods : The effects of the JCT extract on IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2, NOS-II mRNA, APP mRNA, BACE mRNA, Nitric oxide(NO), and ${\beta}A$ protein production in the BV2 microglia cell lines treated with LPS and ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : 1. The JCT extract suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2, and NOS-II mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS and ${\beta}A$. 2. The JCT extract suppressed the expression of BACE and APP mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS and ${\beta}A$. 3. The JCT extract suppressed the expression of Nitric oxide(NO) in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS and ${\beta}A$. 4. The JCT extract suppressed the expression of ${\beta}A$ protein production in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS and ${\beta}A$. Conclusions : These results suggest that the JCT group may be effective for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, JCT could be considered among the future therapeutic drugs indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The Effects of KakamBoyangHwanoh-Tang(KBHT) and PalMihapChongMung-Tang(PMCMT) on Protecting Microglia and Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidants (가미보양환오탕(加味補陽還五湯)과 팔미합총명탕(八味合聰明湯)의 microglia 보호, 항산화 및 acetylcholinesterase 억제 효과)

  • Kim, Hyun-Joo;Lee, Sang-Ryong
    • Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.65-75
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    • 2008
  • Objective : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the KBHT and PMCMT extract on protecting microglia and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and oxidants. Method : The effects of the KBHT and PMCMT extract on cell death of BV2 microglial cell line treated by ${\gamma}$ ; expression of NO, ROS in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) ; AChE activity in PC-12 cell treated by NGF were investigated, respectively. Result : The KBHT and PMCMT extract significantly increased cell viability in BV2 microglial cell line treated with ${\gamma}$. The KBHT and PMCMT extract suppressed the NO and ROS production in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. The KBHT and PMCMT extract groups also showed inhibition of AChE activity in PC-12 cell line. Conclusion : According to the above result, it is suggested that the KBHT and PMCMT extract might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer' s disease.

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Effects of OnDam-TanghapChongMyoung-Tang and DoDam-TanghapChongMyoung-Tang on Protecting Microglia and Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidants (온담탕합총명탕(溫膽湯合聰明湯)과 도담탕합총명탕(導痰湯合聰明湯)의 microglia 보호, 항산화 및 acetylcholinesterase 억제효과)

  • Cheong, Myong-Hee;Jung, In-Chul
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.22 no.5
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    • pp.1276-1282
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    • 2008
  • This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the ODTCMT and DDTCMT extract on protecting microglia and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and oxidants. The effects of the ODTCMT and DDTCMT extract on cell death of BV2 microglial cell line treated by $IFN-{\gamma}$ ; expression of NO, ROS in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ; AChE activity in PC-12 cell treated by NGF were investigated, respectively. The ODTCMT and DDTCMT extract significantly increased cell viability in BV2 microglial cell line treated with $IFN-\nu$. The ODTCMT and DDTCMT extract suppressed the NO and RDS production in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. The ODTCMT and DDTCMT extract groups also showed inhibition of AChE activity in PC-12 cell line. According to the above result, it is suggested that the ODTCMT and DDTCMT extract might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. OnDam-TanghapChongMyoung-Tang (ODTCMT), DoDam-TanghapChongMyoung-Tang (DDTCMT), Microglia, acetylcholinesterase, ROS

Effects of ChenwhangBosim-Dan and SungsimJihwang-Tang on Protecting Microglia and Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidants (천왕보심단(天王補心丹)과 성심지황탕(醒心地黃湯)의 microglia 보호, 항산화 및 acetylcholinesterase 억제 효과)

  • Jung, In-Chul
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.120-125
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    • 2008
  • This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the CBD and SJT extract on protecting microglia and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and oxidants. The effects of the CBD and SJT extract on cell death of BV2 microglial cell line treated by $IFN-{\gamma}$ ; expression of NO, ROS in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) ; AChE activity in PC-12 cell treated by NGF were investigated, respectively. The CBD and SJT extract significantly increased cell viability in BV2 microglial cell line treated with $IFN-{\gamma}$. The CBD and SJT extract suppressed the NO and ROS production in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. The CBD and SJT extract groups also showed inhibition of AChE activity in PC-12 cell line. According to the above result, it is suggested that the CBD and SJT extract might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Papaverine Exerts Neuroprotective Effect by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in an MPTP-Induced Microglial Priming Mouse Model Challenged with LPS

  • Leem, Yea-Hyun;Park, Jin-Sun;Park, Jung-Eun;Kim, Do-Yeon;Kim, Hee-Sun
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.295-302
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    • 2021
  • Microglial priming is the process of microglial proliferation and activation in response to neurodegeneration and abnormal protein accumulation. Priming makes microglia susceptible to secondary inflammatory stimuli and causes exaggerated inflammatory responses. In the present study, we established a microglial priming model in mice by administering a single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg). MPTP induced microglial activation without dopaminergic degeneration; however, subsequent treatment with a sub-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced an amplified inflammatory response and caused nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. These pathological and inflammatory changes, including microglial activation and dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) area were reversed by papaverine (PAP) administration. In addition, MPTP/LPS enhanced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression and processing via nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the SN region of mice. However, PAP treatment suppressed inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β maturation. Moreover, PAP inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and enhanced cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activity in the SN of MPTP/LPS mice. These results suggest that PAP inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by modulating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways, which results in reduced microglial activation and neuronal cell death. Thus, PAP may be a potential candidate for the treatment of Parkinsons's disease, which is aggravated by systemic inflammation.

Effect of Actinidia polygama on LPS-induced Inflammation in Mouse BV2 Microglial cells (목천료자(木天蓼子)가 LPS로 유되된 Mouse BV2 Microglial cells의 염증반응에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Kitae
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.120-124
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    • 2022
  • Actinidia polygama has long been used in traditional Korean medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Although numerous chemical compounds in the fruit extracts of A. polygama have been characterized and their role in inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production has been reported, the anti-inflammatory properties of A. polygama extracts remain to be explored. In this study, we investigated the in-vivo effect of A. polygama extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in BV-2 microglial cell lines. We discovered that 100% ethyl alcohol extract of A. polygama effectively attenuates the release of NO and is superior to both water extract and 50% ethanol extract. Using MTT assay, western blot, and ELISA on LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells lines, we established the ability of A. polygama extract to markedly suppress the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. These results reveal that the anti-inflammatory property of A. polygama in BV-2 microglial cells is due to the downregulation of iNOS, COX-2, MAPK protein, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Effects of Seongpung-tang on the NO Production of Primary Microglial Cell (성풍탕이 미세아교세포의 NO 생성에 미치는 영향)

  • 성강경;임창용;이상관
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.91-98
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    • 2000
  • The water extract of Seongpungtang(SPT) has commonly been used for treatment of ischemic brain damage in Oriental traditional medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of SPT rescues brain cells from ischemic damage. To elucidate the protective mechanism of ischemic induced cytotoxicity, the regulation of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and PMA (phobol-12-myristate-13-acetate) induced iNOS expression in microglial cells was investigated. LPS and PMA treatment for 48 hr in microglial cells markedly induced nitric oxide (NO), but treatment of the cells with the water extract of SPT decreased nitrite formation. In addition, LPS and PMA treatment for 48 hr induced severe cell death in microglial cells. However treatment of the cells with the water extract of SPT did not induce significant changes compared to the control cells. Furthermore, NO production was markedly decreased by treatment of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC). According to the above results, it is suggested that the protective effects of the water extract of SPT against ischemic brain damage may be mediated by regulation of iNOS during ischemic condition.

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Inhibitory Effects of Hwanggigunjung-tang on the secretion of PGE2, NO and Cytokines in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial Cells (황기건중탕(黃嗜健中湯)이 BV2 microglial cells에서의 염증반응(炎症反應)에 미치는 영향(影向))

  • Lim, Young-Woo;Lyu, Ji-Hyo;Shin, Sang-Ho;Lee, Seung-Yeon;Yoon, Hwa-Jung;Lyu, Sun-Ae;Hong, Sang-Hoon;Ko, Woo-Shin
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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    • v.20 no.2 s.33
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    • pp.116-131
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    • 2007
  • 황기건중탕은 보비익기(補裨益氣) 및 거습열(祛濕熱)하는 효능(效能)으로 신체(身體)의 허약(虛弱)을 개선하며 염증(炎症)을 유발할 수 있는 외사(外邪)의 침입을 방어하여 인체의 면역기능(免疫機能)을 강화하는 처방으로 면역관련 세포중 하나인 microglial cell를 대상으로 면역세포에 황기건중탕이 어떠한 효능을 발휘하는 지를 살펴보았다. 물로 전탕(煎湯)한 황기건중탕을 여과한 후 실험한 결과 BV2 microglial cells에서 LPS로 자극하여 염증을 유발하는 주요 물질인 NO의 분비를 세포독성 없이 억제하였다. 또한NO를 생성하는 효소인 Cox-2의 발현도 감소시켰다. 그리고 기타 염증전구 물질들이 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-12도 황기건중탕의 용량이 증가함에 따라 의존적으로 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 보아 황기건중탕은 면역관련세포인 microglial cell에서 염증 관련 인자들의 분비 및 생성을 억제를 통하여 면역관련 상태를 개선시키는 것으로 사료된다.

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Anti-inflammation Effect of Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. Extracts in Lipopolysaccharides-induced Microglia BV2 Cell (LPS로 자극한 microglia BV2 cell에서 Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. 추출물의 항염증 효과)

  • Jiwon Choi;Shintae Kim;Sang Yoon Choi;Inwook Choi;Jinyoung Hur
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.176-183
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    • 2023
  • In this study, we investigated the effect of the extracts of Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. (CFJ) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability were measured using the Griess reagent and the (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) (MTT) assay. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in BV-2 microglial cells with and without CFJ extracts. Subsequently, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and antioxidant markers were assessed by western blot analysis. It was found that the CFJ extract significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and IL-1β) and NO in BV-2 microglial cells that were stimulated with LPS. In addition, the expression levels of the phosphorylation of the MAPK family (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases [JNK], and extracellular-signal regulated kinase [ERK]) were reduced by CFJ. Also, treatment with CFJ significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase type 1(SOD1) and Catalase in BV-2 microglial cells. Our results indicate that CFJ has a potent suppressive effect on the pro-inflammatory responses of activated BV-2 microglia. Therefore, CFJ has the potential to be an effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, as it can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in activated BV-2 microglial cells.