• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.89-90
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• 2006

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2006

Textile and pigment wastewater samples collected from an industrial complex showed toxic effect on Daphnia magna. For textile wastewater, 48 h acute toxicity of effluent was not detected while toxic unit (TU) of influent was 1.79. The toxicity of influent was completely disappeared by gamma-ray treatment at 10 kGy or by suspended solids (SS) removal. In case of pigment wastewater, both influent and effluent were toxic to D. magna though the effluent satisfied current water quality standards. Gamma-ray treatment had little effect on the toxicity reduction of pigment wastewater since the toxicity was mainly caused by metal ions, in particular, Cr(VI). This work suggests the bioassay technique for monitoring adverse effects of wastewater should be introduced, and also shows the usefulness of gamma-rays as an advanced treatment technique for textile wastewater.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.201-212
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• 2011

Nanotechnology is the applied science which develops new materials and systems sized within 1 to 100 nanometer, and improves their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics by manipulating on an atomic and molecular scale. This nanotechnology has been applied to wide spectrum of industries resulting in production of various nanoparticles. It is expected that more nanoparticles will be generated and enter to natural water bodies, imposing great threat to potable water resources. However their toxicity and treatment options have not been throughly investigated, despite the significant growth of nanotechnology-based industries. The objective of this study is to provide fundamental information for the management of nanoparticles in water supply systems through extensive literature survey. More specifically, two types of nanoparticles are selected to be a potential problem for drinking water treatment. They are carbon nanoparticles such as carbon nanotube and fullerene, and metal nanoparticles including silver, gold, silica and titanium oxide. In this study, basic characteristics and toxicity of these nanoparticles were first investigated systematically. Their monitoring techniques and treatment efficiencies in conventional water treatment plants were also studied to examine our capability to mitigate the risk associated with nanoparticles. This study suggests that the technologies monitoring nanopartilces need to be greatly improved in water supply systems, and more advanced water treatment processes should be adopted for better control of these nanoparticles.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2009

Metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a problem of economic and health importance. Information regarding molecular responses to metal exposure is sorely needed in order to identify potential biomarkers. To determine the effects of heavy metals on chironomids, the full-length cDNA of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3) from Chironomus riparius was determined through molecular cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The expression of ADH3 was analyzed under various cadmium and copper concentrations. A comparative and phylogenetic study among different orders of insects and vertebrates was carried out through analysis of sequence databases. The complete cDNA sequence of the ADH3 gene was 1134 bp in length. The sequence of C. riparius ADH3 shows a low degree of amino acid identity (around 70%) with homologous sequences in other insects. After exposure of C. riparius to various concentrations of copper, ADH3 gene expression significantly decreased within 1 hour. The ADH3 gene expression was also suppressed in C. riparius after cadmium exposure for 24 hour. However, the effect of cadmium on ADH3 gene expression was transient in C. riparius. The results show that the suppression of ADH3 gene by copper exposure could be used as a possible biomarker in aquatic environmental monitoring and imply differential toxicity to copper and cadmium in C. riparius larvae.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

To prepare measures for practical policy utilization and the control of heavy metals, hazard control related institutions by country, present states of control by country, and present states of control by heavy metals were examined. Hazard control cases by heavy metals in various countries were compared and analyzed. In certain countries (e.g., the U.S., the U.K., and Japan), hazardous substances found in foods (e.g., arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury) are controlled. In addition, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) recommends calculating the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of individual heavy metals instead of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) to compare their pollution levels considering their toxicity accumulated in the human body. In Korea, exposure assessments have been conducted, and in other countries, hazardous substances are controlled by various governing bodies. As such, in Korea and other countries, diverse food heavy metal monitoring and human body exposure assessments are conducted, and reducing measures are prepared accordingly. To reduce the danger of hazardous substances, many countries provide leaflets and guidelines, develop hazardous heavy metal intake recommendations, and take necessary actions. Hazard control case analyses can assist in securing consumer safety by establishing systematic and reliable hazard control methods.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.265-276
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• 2017

폐광산은 방치된 광미 등으로 인하여 주변환경에 복합적인 중금속 오염을 야기한다. 이를 방지하기 위하여 국내에서는 1990년대 중반부터 석회석 등의 안정화제와 복토를 이용한 안정화 공법을 기반으로 토양개량사업이 시행 중이다. 복원된 토양의 상부에서는 작물의 재배로 인해 중금속이 고정된 안정화 층이 지화학적 변화를 겪게 되며 이에 따른 중금속의 용출 및 이동이 가능하므로 토양개량사업을 마친 토양에 대한 질 평가 등의 사후 관리는 반드시 필요하다. 토양의 질 평가를 하기 위해서는 이화학적 분석 또는 생물학적인 분석을 개별적으로 하기보다는 이들을 결합한 종합적인 분석이 필요하며 이를 통해 토양의 생태기능상태(ecological functional state)를 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 대상시료로 경상북도 봉화군 풍정 광산, 전라남도 광양시 점동 광산, 충청남도 서산시 서성 광산 인근 안정화 처리 토양과 안정화 처리가 되지 않은 오염, 비오염 토양을 선정하였다. 토양의 이화학적 성질인 pH, CEC, LOI와 중금속 농도를 측정하였고, 미생물 효소활성도와 비소환원유전자를 정량하였다. 다변량 통계분석을 바탕으로 모든 데이터를 분석하여 토양 생태기능상태를 평가하였다. 안정화 심도 토양과 상부복토, 하부오염토 간의 상관관계를 확인한 결과, 안정화 심도 토양에서 중금속의 농도가 높게 측정되었다. 그리고 풍정광산에서는 안정화 처리 심도 토양이 하부오염토와 유사한 특성을, 점동, 서성 광산에서는 안정화 심도 토양이 상부복토와 유사한 특성을 나타내었는데 이는 점동, 서성 광산 주변 상부복토의 생태기능상태가 좋지 않을 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.399-408
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• 2021

배경토양에 카드뮴(Cd), 납(Pb), 아연(Zn) 등의 중금속 오염물질을 인위적으로 오염시킨 후 진동센서 등으로 구성된 시스템(ViSSET)을 이용하여 지렁이 움직임 특성을 실시간으로 모니터링하였다. 이로부터 얻어진 지렁이 움직임의 누적 횟수와 전통적인 지렁이 행태지표(실험 전후의 체중 변화, 생체축적농도) 등을 이용하여 중금속 오염물질의 토양 내 생태독성 발현 기작을 규명하였다. 중금속별 농도 증가에 따른 지렁이 움직임을 살펴보면, Cd는 농도가 증가함에 따라 지렁이 움직임은 감소하다가 증가하는 경향을 보였고, Pb는 농도 증가에 따라 지렁이 움직임이 급증하였으며, Zn의 경우는 농도가 증가함에 따라 지렁이 움직임은 지속적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 지렁이의 체중은 Zn 오염 토양에서 가장 크게 감소하였으며, Cd와 Pb에서는 지렁이 체중 변화가 유사한 것으로 조사되었다. 생물축적농도는 Cd, Zn, Pb의 순으로 높게 조사되었고, 특히 Pb의 경우에는 토양 내 농도에 따른 생체축적농도의 변화가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. Cd는 metallothionein-bound 형태로 결합되어 지렁이 생체 내에 장기간 축적되며, 특히 고농도에서는 임계효과(critical effect)에 의해 지렁이 움직임에 악영향을 주는 것으로 판단된다. Pb는 섭취에 의하여 생태독성이 발현되는 것이 아니고 피부를 자극시키거나 감각기관을 손상시킴으로서 독성을 발현시키는 것으로 생각된다. Zn은 소화기관의 세포막을 손상시키거나 물질대사를 과도하게 증가시킴으로써 지렁이 움직임과 체중이 감소하는 것과 같은 생태독성을 발현시킨다. 지렁이 움직임에 대한 실시간 모니터링 결과를 분석하여 도출한 Pb의 50% 최대 영향농도(half maximal effective concentration, EC50)는 751.2 mg/kg로 기존 연구와 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 기존에 이용되어온 지렁이 행태 지표와 새롭게 제시한 지렁이의 움직임을 실시간으로 모니터링하여 얻어진 결과를 통합적으로 해석함으로써 중금속 오염물질의 생태독성 발현 기작을 규명하는 것이 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2018

Objectives: We conducted ecological risk assessment for cadmium, a heavy metal and carcinogen, to identify safety standards by environmental media and to determine its impact on ecosystems by estimating and evaluating exposure levels. Methods: Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were generated using ECOTOX DB. A hazardous concentration of 5% (HC5) protective of most species (95%) in the environment was estimated. Using this estimate, predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) were calculated for aquatic organisms. Based on the calculated PNECs for aquatic organisms, PNEC values for soil and sediment were calculated using the partition coefficient. Predicted exposure concentrations (PECs) were also calculated from environmental monitoring data with hazard quotients (HQs) calculated using PNECs for environmental media. Results: Chronic toxicity data were categorized into four groups and 11 species. In species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis, HC5 was $0.340{\mu}g/L$. Based on this value, the PNEC value for aquatic organisms was calculated as $0.113{\mu}g/L$. PNEC values for soil and sediments using a partition coefficient were calculated as 15.02 mg/kg and 90.61 mg/kg, respectively. In an analysis of environmental monitoring data, PEC values were calculated as $0.017{\mu}g/L$ for water, 1.01 mg/kg for soil, and 0.521 mg/kg for sediment. Conclusions: HQs were 0.150, 0.067 and 0.006 for water, soil and sediment, respectively. HQs of secondary toxicity were 0.365 for birds and 0.024 for mammals. In principle, it is judged that an HQ above 1 indicates a high level of risk concern while an HQ less than 1 indicates an extremely low level of risk concern. Therefore, with HQs of cadmium in the environment being <1, its risk levels can be considered low for each media.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.623-631
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• 2015

Microarray technology provides a unique tool for the determination of gene expression at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA). This study, the mRNA expression profiles provide insight into the mechanism of action of cadmium in Fleshy shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). The ability of genomic technologies was contributed decisively to development of new molecular biomarkers and to the determination of new possible gene targets. Also, it can be approach for monitoring of trace metal using oligo-chip microarray-based in potential model marine user level organisms. 15K oligo-chip for F. chinensis that include mostly unique sets of genes from cDNA sequences was developed. A total of 13,971 spots (1,181 mRNAs up- regulated and 996 down regulated) were identified to be significantly expressed on microarray by hierarchical clustering of genes after exposure to cadmium for different conditions (Cd24-5000 and Cd48-1000). Most of the changes of mRNA expression were observed at the long time and low concentration exposure of Cd48-1000. But, gene ontology analysis (GO annotation) were no significant different between experiments groups. It was observed that mRNA expression of main genes involved in metabolism, cell component, molecular binding and catalytic function. It was suggested that cadmium inhibited metabolism and growth of F. chinensis.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2018

수은은 다양한 산업활동에 사용되어 해양 환경 내에 지속적으로 유입되며 먹이사슬을 따라 축적되며 생물체 내로 유입 시 해양 생물의 성장, 발생, 생식, 대사 등에 악영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 기수산 물벼룩 Diaphanosoma clelbensis에 대한 수은의 급성 독성과 산화적 스트레스 지표(총 glutathione 함량, GST, GR, GPx 활성)를 이용한 항산화 반응을 조사하였다. 24시간 수은을 노출시킨 결과 생존율이 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 양상을 보였으며, 24시간 LC₅₀ 값은 0.589 mg/l (95% C.I. 0.521~0.655 mg/l)로 나타났다. 수은(0.08과 0.4 mg/l)을 24시간 노출시킨 D. celebensis에서 총 glutathione 함량은 유의하게 감소하는 양상을 보였으며, GST, GR, GPx 활성은 유의하게 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 수은 노출에 의해 D. celebensis에서 산화적 스트레스가 유도되었음을 의미하며, 이들 산화적 스트레스 지표의 변화는 세포내에서 방어기전으로 작용하였음을 나타낸다. 본 연구는 D. celebensis에서 수은 독성의 분자메커니즘을 이해하는데 도움이 되며, 중금속 오염된 해양 생태계 모니터링과 해양 생물의 건강성 평가에서 이들 분자지표의 활용 가능성을 제시한다.