• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated anti-oxidation and whitening effects of Ligularia stenocephala extract for use as the cosmeceuticals. L. stenocephala was extracted by three different solvents which was n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, $H_{2}O$. The free radical (1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity of extract of L. stenocephala was in the order: ethyl acetate fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 10.512ug/mL) > ethyl acetate fraction of stem ($IC_{50}$ value of 31.877ug/mL) > $H_{2}O$ fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 129.194ug/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of extract of L. stenocephala was in the order: ethyl acetate fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 0.230mg/mL) > ethyl acetate fraction of stem ($IC_{50}$ value of 0.528mg/mL) > $H_{2}O$ fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 0.799mg/mL). Tyrosinase inhibition activity of L. stenocephala extracts was reduced 29.477% on ethyl acetate fraction of leaf, 13.583% on ethyl acetate fraction of stems. Therefore, L. stenocephala extracts may be useful as a new antioxidant and whitening agent to inhibit melanogenesis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.496-505
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• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng is a marvelous herbal remedy for all ailments of body. That may be why it is called Panax, which means "cure for all". Melanin is a pigment that gives color to our skin; however, increased melanin production can lead to tumor formation. Human exposure to ultraviolet B radiation has increased extensively owing to the increased sunlight due to global warming. Consequently, a phenomenon called photoaging has been observed for all skin colors and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, which serve as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen, is increased, causing depletion of collagen and resulting in early wrinkle formation. Methods: Therefore, in our study, we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the inhibition of melanogenesis by Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to artificial ultraviolet B to examine the efficacy of KRG in vivo. We prepared a 3% red ginseng extract cream and evaluated its effects on human skin. Results: Our results demonstrated that KRG induced potent suppression of tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells; moreover, it reduced the transcription and translation of components involved in the melanin production pathway. In the in vivo experiments, KRG potently suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reduced wrinkle formation, and inhibited collagen degradation. On human skin, ginseng cream increased skin resilience and skin moisture and enhanced skin tone. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that KRG is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.461-467
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• 2010

Natural products with non-toxic and environmentally friendly properties are good resources for skin-whitening cosmetic agents when compared to artificial synthetic chemicals. Here, we investigated the effect of glyceollin produced to induce disease resistance responses of soybean to specific races of an incompatible pathogen, phytophthora sojae, on melanogenesis and discussed their mechanisms in melanin biosynthesis. We found that glyceollin inhibits melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in B16 melanoma cells without cytotoxicity. To elucidate the mechanism of the effect of glyceollin on melanogenesis, we conducted western blot analysis for melanogenic enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2. Glyceollin inhibited tyrosinase and TRP-1 protein expression. Additionally, glyceollin effectively inhibited intracellular cAMP levels in B16 melanoma cells stimulated by $\alpha$-melanocyte stimulating hormone ($\alpha$-MSH). These results suggest that the whitening activity of glyceollin may be due to the inhibition of cAMP involved in the signal pathway of $\alpha$-MSH in B16 melanoma cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2020

Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna) is a protective agent that is widely used in medicine because of its antioxidant effects. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to increase pigmentation. Thus, ROS scavengers and inhibitors of ROS production may suppress melanogenesis. Forkhead box-O3a (FoxO3a) is an antimelanogenic factor that mediates ROS-induced skin pigmentation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the whitening effect of mesna and the signaling mechanism mediating this effect. Human melanoma (MNT-1) cells were used in this study. mRNA and protein expression were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis to track changes in FoxO3a-related signals induced by mesna. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to determine the nuclear translocation of FoxO3a. When MNT-1 melanoma cells were treated with mesna, melanin production and secretion decreased. These effects were accompanied by increases in FoxO3a activation and nuclear translocation, resulting in downregulation of four master genes of melanogenesis: MITF, TYR, TRP1, and TRP2. We found that mesna, an antioxidant and radical scavenger, suppresses melanin production and may therefore be a useful agent for the clinical treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.91-91
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• 2018

The Rosa multiflora, a well-known plant belonging to Rosacea, is widely used in orthodox medicine in worldwide. However, its biological activity as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products have not yet been studied. Accordingly, an investigation of the above mentioned atrributes was performed on a 50% ethanol extract of Rosa multiflora. The antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH. Additionally, the contents of total phenols and flavonoids were analyzed. Also, the phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC. The melanogenesis regulatory effect was evaluated using melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells. The elastase inhibitory activity assay was performed for anti-wrinkle effect. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion assay. The DPPH radical scavenging ability, denoted by the $SC_{50}$ value was found to be $123.1{\mu}g/ml$, whereas that of positive control (ascorbic acid) was $27.5{\mu}g/mL$. The content of total polyphenol and flavonoid content were 202 mg/g and 86.77 mg/g, respectively. In addition, astragalin and gallic acid were identified in the extract. Also, the ethanol extract significantly inhibited ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. For anti-wrinkle effect, elastase inhibition activity of the ethanol extract was 53.2% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against S. aureus and E. coli was observed to be 0.5 - 5%, and no significant activity was noted against C. albicans. Therefore, the ethanol extract of Rosa multiflora can be used effectively for development of functional cosmetic materials.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.2 s.33
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• pp.47-67
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• 2007

Objective : As a result of increasing amount of ultraviolet ray, skin problems including sunburn, rapid skin aging, melanoma, and even skin cancer continue to rise. In the present study, the effect of oriental herbal extract, Daehwanggo(大黃膏,DH) and Daehwanggogasnagbakpi(大黃膏加桑白皮,DS), as external application, on the skin damage, was investigated. Methods : 30 mice were equally distributed into 3 groups : control, UVB-control and UVB-irradiated and DS-treated group. Also mouse melanoma cell lines were cultured. Tyrosinase inhibition was measured to analyze the UN-protection effect. Melanogenesis in the UV-irradiated melanoma cell lines was compared in DS-treated cell line and control cell line. Sample skin from the ear tissue of the 3 groups were analyzed to observe the inflammatory response, T cell differentiation, apoptosis of keratinocytes. Results : The tyrosinase was more significantly inhibited in the DS group compared to DH group. Antioxidative effects was more prominent in DS group when superoxide dismutase was measured. Both the DS- and DH-treated cell lines showed significantly reduced melanogenesis. The reduction of external skin damage including erythematous papule, eczema, keratinocyte, pyopoiesis was observed in the DS- and DH-treated sample cells. In terms of the effect on the skin damage, sunburn cell, activated skin mast cells, secretion of IL-12, manifestation of HSP70, hyperplasia of epithelial cells, MMP-9 and destruction of the collagen were all significantly improved in the DS-treated sample cells. Melanin cells and the apoptosis in the melanoma cell line were decreased. Conclusion : DH and DS were traditionally applied externally for the scald in the oriental medicine. The present study elucidated the possibility of herbal extracts to be used as ultraviolet protectives. Further investigations are needed to assure the clinical application.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 2008

Three kinds of prenylated flavonols, icariside I, icariside II, and icaritin, were isolated from an icariin hydrolysate and their effects on melanogenesis evaluated based on mushroom tyrosinase inhibition and quantifying the melanin contents in melanocytes. Although none of the compounds had an effect on tyrosinase activity, icariside II and icaritin both effectively inhibited the melanin contents with an $IC_{50}$ of 10.53 and $11.13{\mu}M$, respectively. Whereas icariside II was obtained from a reaction with ${\beta}$-glucosidase and cellulase, the icariin was not completely converted into icariside II. Thus, for the high-purity production of icariside II, the reaction was optimized using the response surface methodology, where an enzyme concentration of 5.0mg/ml, pH 7, $37.5^{\circ}C$, and 8 h reaction time were selected as the central conditions for the central composite design (CCD) for the enzymatic hydrolysis of icariin into icariside II using cellulase. Empirical models were developed to describe the relationships between the operating factors and the response (icariside II yield). A statistical analysis indicated that all four factors had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the icariside II production. The coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ was good for the model (0.9853), and the optimum production conditions for icariside II was an enzyme concentration of 7.5mg/ml, pH 5, $50^{\circ}C$, and 12 h reaction time. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental data under the designed optimal conditions confirmed the usefulness of the model. A laboratory pilot scale was also successful.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.574-580
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• 2009

Melanogenesis is induced mainly by ultraviolet radiation of sunlight and ${\alpha}$-Melanocyte stimulation hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH) which binds to a specific G protein coupled receptor. ${\alpha}$-MSH and cAMP-elevating agents are known to melanin syntheisis and dendrite outgrowth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of melanogenesis inhibition in B16/F10 cells by ethanol extract of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba. In the present study, ${\alpha}$-MSH led to a stimulation of melanin synthesis that appeared to result from an increased tyrosinase activity and melanin content. However, the ethanol extract of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba inhibited the ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced tyrosinase activity and melanin content. In control conditions, B16/F10 cells displayed a fibroblastic appearance while ${\alpha}$-MSH treatment promoted the emergence of small and numerous dendrites from the plasma membrane. The ethanol extract of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba abolished the ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced dendricity. Regarding protein levels of the melanogenic enzymes, the amounts of tyrosinase were increased after incubation with ${\alpha}$-MSH. The treatment of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba ethanol extract decreased the ${\alpha}$-MSH expression levels of tyrosinase. Based on these findings, it is likely that the ethanol extract of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba exerts its depigmenting effects in B16/F10 cells through the suppression of tyrosinase expression, which are key enzymes for melanogenesis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.649-653
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• 2008

The aqueous extract from Asiasari radix (AEAR) was used to investigate the effect of ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone induced melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melnoma cells. The treatment with AEAR at the 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml level significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of melanin without changes of cell growth and morphology compared with untreated control. The AEAR-treated cells at the 2.0 mg/ml level were more efficient than commercial arbutin at 0.1 mg/ml. The tyrosinase activity also significantly decreased in AEAR-treated cells at the 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml level. The Western analyses confirmed the slightly decreased expression of tyrosinase by AEAR treatment. These results indicate that AEAR may contribute to the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis through regulating tyrosinase activity and expression and serve as a new candidate in the design of new skin-whitening or therapeutic agents.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2017

This study was performed to cytotoxicity, tyrosinase inhibition activity, intracellular melanin contents to verify the whitening effect of fraction from Glycine soja Siebold et Zucc. (G. soja). Using western blotting, tyrosinase expression in B16F10 melanoma cells and expression levels of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and protein-2 (TRP-2) were examined. As a result, all of the fractions showed a high cell viability over 82% at the concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 2.0 mg/mL. When the whitening effects of fractions from G. soja were tested using B16F10 melanoma cells treated with the ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone (${\alpha}-MSH$), the EtOAc fractions inhibited tyrosinase and melanogenesis effectively. The result of protein expression measurement using western blot showed that TRP-1, TRP-2 and tyrosinase protein expression in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with extracts decreased. Therefore, it is concluded that the fractions from G. soja have whitening effect by inhibiting protein related melanogenesis.