• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.12
• /
• pp.1897-1906
• /
• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) deficiency on intestinal pH value, digestive enzyme activity, morphology, nutrient utilization, and gene expression of NaPi-IIb in meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age. Methods: A total of 525 one-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings were fed diets (with 7 pens of 15 ducklings, or 105 total ducklings, on each diet) with five levels of nPP (0.22%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.46%, or 0.58%) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets contained a constant calcium (Ca) content of approximately 0.9%. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F:G) were measured at 14 and 21 d of age. Ducks were sampled for duodenum and jejunum digestion and absorption function on 14 and 21 d. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-d-old ducks. Results: The results showed ducks fed 0.22% nPP had lower (p<0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization and higher (p<0.05) serum Ca content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When dietary nPP levels were increased, BW (d 14 and 21), BWG and FI (all intervals), and the serum phosphorus (P) content linearly and quadratically increased (p<0.05); and the jejunal pH value (d 14), duodenal muscle layer thickness (d 14), excreta dry matter, crude protein, energy, Ca and total P utilization linearly increased (p<0.05); however, the serum ALP activity, jejunal $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, and duodenal NaPi-IIb mRNA level (d 21) linearly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that ducks aged from 1 to 21 d fed diets with 0.22% nPP had poor growth performance related to poor intestinal digestion and absorption ability; but when fed diets with 0.40%, 0.46%, and 0.58% nPP, ducks presented a better growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption function.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.662-669
• /
• 2021

Objective: Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated. Methods: The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The PPARγ expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas IGF1 was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in FADS2, PPARγ, and IGF1 gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control. Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the feeding value, meat nutrients and associative effects of a diet comprised of various corn silages inclusion with peanut vine or wheat straw in finishing beef cattle. Methods: One hundred and eighty Simmental crossbred beef steers were blocked and assigned to the follow treatments: i) whole plant corn silage-based diet (control, WPCS), ii) mixed forages-based diet (replacing a portion of corn silage with wheat straw, WPCSW), iii) corn stalklage-based diet (CS), and iv) sweet corn stalklage-based diet (SCS). Each group consisted of 5 repeated pens with 9 steers/pen. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic with same forage to concentrate ratio. Experimental diets were fed for 90 d. Results: The effective ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein were highest for WPCS diet (p<0.05), for neutral detergent fiber was highest in SCS diet (p<0.05). The average daily gain was greater for cattle offered the WPCS diet, intermediate with WPCSW and SCS and lowest with CS (p<0.001). The concentration of non-esterified fatty acid in serum was higher for steers fed with CS and SCS diets than those offered WPCS and WPCSW steers (p<0.001). The treatments did not affect the general nutritional contents and amino acids composition of Longissimus dorsi of steers (p>0.05). Conclusion: The corn silage-based diet exhibited the highest feeding value. The sweet corn stalklage and wheat straw as an alternative to corn silage offered to beef cattle had limited influence on feeding value and meat nutrients. However, the value of a corn stalklage-based diet was relatively poor. To sum up, when the high quality forage resources, such as corn silage, are in short supply, or the growth rate of beef cattle decreases in the later finishing period, the sweet stalklage and wheat straw could be used as a cheaper alternative in feedlot cattle diet without sharp reducing economic benefits.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.1090-1095
• /
• 2008

Marbling (intramuscular fat) is an important factor in determining meat quality in Korean beef market. A grain based finishing system for improving marbling leads to inefficient meat production due to an excessive fat production. Identification of intramuscular fat-specific gene might be achieved more targeted meat production through alternative genetic improvement program such as marker assisted selection (MAS). We carried out ddRT-PCR in 12 and 27 month old Hanwoo steers and detected 300 bp PCR product of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) gene, showing highly gene expression in 27 months old. A 1.5 kb sequence was re-sequenced using primer designed base on the Hanwoo EST sequence. We then predicted the open reading frame (ORF) of ICER gene in ORF finder web program. Tissue distribution of ICER gene expression was analysed in eight Hanwoo tissue using realtime PCR analysis. The highest ICER gene expression showed in Small intestine followed by Longissimus dorsi. Interestingly, the ICER gene expressed 2.5 time higher in longissimus dorsi than in same muscle type, Rump. For gene expression analysis in high- and low marbled individuals, we selected 4 and 3 animal based on the muscle crude fat contents (high is 17-32%, low is 6-7% of crude fat contents). The ICER gene expression was analysed using ANOVA model. Marbling (muscle crude fat contents) was affected by ICER gene (P=0.012). Particularly, the ICER gene expression was 4 times higher in high group (n=4) than low group (n=3). Therefore, ICER gene might be a functional candidate gene related to marbling in Hanwoo.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 1988

A study was carried out to investigate meat production ability of Korean native Ogol fowl (Natural Monument No, 265). The aims of this study were to provide basal data necessary for preserve of purebred and improvement of meat production ability of this breed. A total 300 chickens were used in this study. All the chickens were ad libitum fed broiler starter during period from 0 to 4 weeks of age and broiler finisher during period from 5 to 16 weeks of age. The investigated items are as follows; body weight; growth rate: weight of edible end inedible parts; and body shape components. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Average body weight in male, female, and unsexed, of native Ogol fowls were $659.0{\pm}154.9$, $588.3{\pm}68.0$ and $623.7{\pm}121.9$ at 8 weeks of age, and $938.1{\pm}72.6$, $810{\pm}104.4$ and $874.1{\pm}109.4$g at 10 weeks of age, respectively. 2. The growth rates, unsexed, during periods 2~4, 4~6, 6~8 and 8~10 weeks of age were 166, 106, 41 and 40%, respectively. 3. The growth pattern of total edible parts in both sexes were highly significant by weeks. Total weight of edible parts in male and female were $395.4{\pm}$ and $355.6{\pm}42.0$g at 8 weeks of age, $597.5{\pm}$47.2 and $518.7{\pm}98.5$69.7g at 10 weeks of age. Percentage of total edible parts, unsexed, were 60~63% of body weight during periods from 8 to 10 weeks of age. 4. Edible giblet, unsexed, at age of 8 and 10 weeks were 4~6% of body weight. 5. Percentage of body weight of inedible part were on the decreased by weeks. The amount of blood blooded, feather plucked, inedible viscera and total inedible parts, unsexed, at 8 weeks of age were 4, 7, 12 and 31% of live body weight, respectively. 6. Except breast angle and shank diameter, the other body shape components significantly grew from 2 to 10 weeks of age. Different between male and female at 8 weeks of age were significant in breast girth, keel length, drumstick girth and shank diameter. 7. In both sexes, highly significant differences were found in the correlation coefficients between live body weight and several other body shape component, i. e., breast girth, drumstick girth, and edible part.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.569-576
• /
• 2007

receptor(MC4R) gene and carcass traits was examined in randomly selected commercial pigs. A porcine MC4R gene was genotyped for Asp298Asn(nt. 892G>A) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP). A total of three genotypes, A/A, A/G, and G/G, were found with 28.8, 22.8, and 48.4% frequencies, respectively. In the whole population, pigs containing 892A/- showed significantly higher marbling score than those of homozygotes G/G(P<0.05). Two homozygotes, A/A and G/G showed lower in meat color score but higher in water holding capacity than those of heterozygotes A/G(P<0.01). However, the carcass weight of the barrows containing wild type -/G was significantly higher(i.e. more than 2.5kg) than those of homozygotes A/A(P<0.05). The effects of each genotype on carcass traits in the gilts were similar to those of the whole population, but not in barrows, suggesting an unknown sex-related effect on carcass traits. This study suggested that the genotype MC4R A/- could improve the meat quality in the commercial pig production. However, since the genetic polymorphism of MC4R gene differentially affected the carcass traits in sex-related manner, therefore, both parameters, the sex and genotype, should be considered for marker-assisted selection in commercial pig production.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.549-559
• /
• 2016

Korean Black body fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus; Ogae) designated as a natural monument (registration number 265) has been known as a superb traditional Korean medicine. In this study, The production of peptide from the Viscera Waste of Yeonsan Ogae was optimized using commercial protease (bromelain) by response surface methodology under high pressure process. The range of processes was pressure (30 to 100 MPa), reaction time (1 to 5 h), and substrate concentration (10 to 30%, w/v). After reaction, the degree of hydrolysis, distribution of amino acids, and molecular weight of peptides were investigated. As a results, the optimization conditions were pressure 90 MPa, reaction time 3 to 4 h, and the amount of viscera meat 20% (w/v), respectively. The molecular weight of protein hydrolysates was distributed 400 to 1,000 Da. Accordingly we presumed that most products were peptides. Of those peptides, nonpolar or hydrophobic, polar but uncharged, positively charged, and negatively charged amino acids were 42.03, 26.0, 13.3, and 18.6%, respectively. Because higher amount of hydrophobic amino acids, we expected that those products would be able to utilize as the functional food ingredients.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.143-147
• /
• 2007

Records on 546 Korea native pigs for average daily gain (ADG), age at 70 kg (D70 kg) and backfat thickness (BF) made between 2001 and 2006 in herds on National Institutes of Animal Science in Korea were used to estimate genetic parameters. The data was analyzed by the DF-REML (Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood) program of Boldman using a single-trait animal model. Heritabilities were 0.26, 0.09, and 0.29 for ADG, D70 kg and BF, respectively. The phenotypic correlations of ADG with D70 kg and BF were -0.71 and 0.30. The phenotypic correlation of D70 kg with BF was -0.15. The genetic correlations of ADG with D70 kg and BF were -0.11, 0.41, respectively. The genetic correlation of D70 kg with BF was -0.16. The data of weights and measurements on body length, body height and chest width after age at 11 months (days to 330) were shown scarcely less differences compare to data of age at 11 months.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.7
• /
• pp.1026-1032
• /
• 2006

The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of liquid methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met) in broilers. 567 day-old Avian chicks were divided into 7 treatments with 5 replicates of 16 birds each. During the 35d (7-42 d) experimental periods chicks were given two basal diets. From 7 to 21d of age, a starting basal diet containing 19.5% protein and 0.33% methionine was supplemented with two graded levels of DL-Met (0.070 and 0.160%) or four levels of MHA-FA (0.118, 0.143, 0.221 and 0.268%). From 22 to 42d of age DL-Met (0.050 and 0.080%) or MHA-FA (0.071, 0.074, 0.112 and 0.140%) were added to a finishing basal diet with 18.0% protein and 0.28% methionine. Chicks fed on supplemental DL-Met or MHA-FA had significantly higher (p<0.05) body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control group from 7-21d of age. During the finishing phase (22-42 d), body weight and weight gain of chicks in DL-Met or MHA-FA treatments were similar to those in the control, but FCR was improved (p<0.05) with supplementation of DL-Met or MHA-FA. Breast yield was higher (p<0.05) on DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented than un-supplemented diets. The thigh meat yields emanating from diets with DL-Met or MHA-FA were lower (p<0.05) than that in control. Abdominal fat was also higher in broilers fed the control diet than in DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented treatments. Methionine requirement of broilers was calculated to be 0.44 and 0.35% and cystine requirement was 0.35 and 0.31% for the starting (7-21 d) and finishing phase (22-42 d), respectively. The efficacy of MHA-FA in comparison to DL-Met for weight gain was 64 and 85% and for FCR was 55 and 60% at 7-21 and 22-42 d of age, respectively, while it was 74, 72, 52 and 48% for breast yield, thigh meat production, body energy content and energy deposition ratio at 42 d of age, respectively. In conclusion, in practical diet formulation for broiler chicks the average bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DL-Met could be considered as 60 and 73% for 7 to 21d and 22 to 42 d of age, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.437-444
• /
• 2008

Pneumonia is one of the important diseases in commercial pig. In order to delineate the relationships with pneumonia and productions traits, five different economic traits including carcass weight(CW), backfat thickness(BF), meat quality(MQ), carcass characteristics(CC) and pork belly thickness(PB) were measured in 6,362 commercial pigs. Significant differences were observed in all the traits with pneumonia(P<0.01). Carcass weight and backfat thickness decreased significantly as the symptom of pneumonia was severed (P<0.01). Also, when the pneumonia was severed, the carcass characteristics and meat quality became worse compared with normal unaffected animals(P<0.01). In case of pork belly thickness, the significant decrease was observed in pneumonia infected animals compared with normal animals(P<0.01). Based on this study, the pneumonia infection affects most of the important economic traits in pigs and it is ultimately needed to pay more attention to prevent this disease.