• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.96-111
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to look for pathological mechanism of disease development caused by Taedok, by studying whether stress and diet in pregnant ICR mice affect the intestinal flora and IgA (Immunoglobulin A) concentration. Methods The mice were divided into 4 groups (n=5 per group) based on the concept of Taedok: the control group (G1), stress group (G2), capsaicin diet group (G3), high fat diet group (G4). We collected and analyzed intestinal flora from maternal feces and cecal flora from neonatal mice by group. Then, IgA concentration in the maternal feces and sIgA (secretory Immunoglobulin A) concentration in the cecal contents of newborn mice were analyzed. In addition, serum corticosterone was analyzed before and after stress application. Results Changes in maternal intestinal flora and neonatal mice cecal flora by stress and diet were observed. There were no significant changes in the IgA concentration in maternal feces and the sIgA concentration in the cecal contents of neonatal mice. No significant changes compared to the control group were observed between groups before and after applying stress. However, when comparing within one subject, a significant increase was confirmed after stress application in the stress group (G2). Conclusions Based on the results, we observed stress and diet in pregnant mice affect the intestinal flora of maternal and neonatal. We were able to interpret the pathological mechanism of Taedok based on the principle of interaction between mother and newborn intestinal flora.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.369-381
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• 2019

This research investigated the moderating effects of children's negative emotionality, activity and sociability on the relation between maternal parenting stress and children's behavior problems. Participants consisted of 1,667 preschool children from the fifth wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children. EAS was used to measure the children's temperament. Mothers reported parenting stress and children's behavior problems. The results revealed that the magnitude of association between relation between maternal parenting stress and children's behavior problems was greater for high levels of negative emotionality and activity as well as low levels of sociability. The results support a diathesis-stress model in which high negative emotionality, activity and low sociability confer vulnerability for preschool children in a high stress family.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.33-52
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• 2016

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the trajectory of maternal parenting stress during infancy according to the employment status of mothers when each year's depression was controlled and examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress on affective parenting and socioemotional developmental outcomes for preschoolers. Methods: Using latent growth modeling, the first 4 waves of panel data collected from 2,078 mothers and their babies were analyzed. This nationwide data was provided from the 2008 Panel Study on Korean Children, conducted by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. Results: First, maternal parenting stress showed a linear increasing pattern, and there were individual differences in intercept and slope. Second, when each year's maternal depression was controlled, the intercept of parenting stress was lower, but the rate of increase was higher. In multiple group analyses, this increasing pattern of parenting stress was significant only in unemployed mothers. Lastly, the increase of unemployed mothers' parenting stress had direct effects on child emotionality and peer interaction and had an indirect effect on child peer interaction (mediated by affective parenting). Conclusion: The current study verified that the longitudinal effects of increasing parenting stress of unemployed mothers on affective parenting and child socioemotional development when maternal depression level was controlled. These results imply that we need to pay more attention to emotional health and resources of unemployed mothers and provide them with social support as well as employed mothers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of systematic information on maternal attachment, parenting stress and maternal confidence of mothers of premature infants. Methods: Using a non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design, 42 participants were assigned to one of two groups, an experimental group (n=20), which received systematic information; and a control (n=22), which received the usual discharge education. Prior to the intervention, baseline data were collected (pretest) and then the systematic information was provided four times for the experimental group. Maternal attachment, parenting stress and maternal confidence were measured. Data were collected three times: Seven to 10 days prior to discharge, day of discharge, and two weeks after discharge. Results: Mothers in the experimental group had significantly higher scores in maternal attachment (F=6.16, p=.005), lower parenting stress scores (F=5.56, p=.004), and higher scores for maternal confidence (F=16.50, p<.001) than mothers in the control group. These tendencies were progressively enhanced even two weeks after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: The results indicate that provision of systematic information to mothers with premature infants is an effective intervention to enhance mothers' maternal attachment, decrease parenting stress, and enhance maternal confidence.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.51-66
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for preschool children's self regulation by examining the effects of maternal parenting variables on preschool children's self regulation. The subjects were 1219 mothers of 4- to 6-year-old preschool children attending kindergarten or child care centers located in Seoul and Kyunggi Province, Korea. For data analysis, exploratory factor analysis(EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) were applied to the survey data in the first phase and structural equation modeling(SEM) analysis in the second phase. The major results of this study were as follows: maternal parenting stress and maternal behavior were the most direct influential variables on preschool children's self-regulation. Moreover, maternal parenting efficacy was indirectly mediated through maternal behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.37-48
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• 2009

This purpose of this study was to examine the connections between positive maternal psychology, internal control, and parenting stress of mothers with young children. The subjects were 398 mothers living in Buchon city. Collected data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysiss, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that employed mothers had higher positive psychology and lower parenting stress than unemployed mothers. In addition, positive maternal psychology, internal-external control, and parenting stress were all related to each other. In particular, positive psychology was the strongest predictor for parental stress.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.217-232
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• 2011

The main purpose of this study was to examine the mediating roles of mothers' psychological well-being and support/control in the relationship between maternal child-related stress and adolescents' school adjustment. Participants were 389 3rd grade middle school students and their mothers. Mothers completed questionnaires about child-related stress and psychological well-being. Adolescents completed scales of maternal controlling/supportive parenting and school adjustment. Results indicated that a direct effect of mothers' child-related stress on adolescents' school adjustment was not significant. However, mothers' psychological well-being and support/control mediated the relations between child-related stress and adolescents' school adjustment. A higher level of child-related stress in mothers was associated with a lower level of psychological well-being, followed by a lower level of adolescents' school adjustment. Mothers who reported a higher level of child-related stress tended to be less supportive and more controlling, which led to a lower level of school adjustment. These findings suggest the need for considering both maternal characteristics and parenting in explaining adolescents' school adjustment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2021

Objectives: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of mothers may negatively affect the mental health of their offspring. Little is known about the intergenerational effect of maternal ACE on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the offspring. This study investigated the impact of maternal ACEs on PTSD in the offspring. Methods: A total of 156 mothers with children aged 13-18 years completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) Predictive Scales to determine the presence of psychiatric disorders in their offspring. The subjects completed the ACE questionnaire and the Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report-Short Form. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between maternal ACEs and PTSD in the offspring. Results: Of the mothers, 23.7% had at least one ACE, and PTSD was reported in 21.8% of the offspring. The offspring of the mothers in the ACE group had a significantly higher rates of traumatic experiences and PTSD than the offspring of the mothers in the no ACE group. Maternal household dysfunction independently predicted offspring PTSD [odds ratio (OR)=3.008, p=0.05), and three or more maternal ACEs were significantly related to PTSD in the offspring (OR=10.613, p=0.025). Conclusion: Maternal ACEs have a significant impact on the risk of traumatic experiences and PTSD in the offspring. These findings suggest the presence of intergenerational transmissions by which maternal ACEs affect the mental health of the offspring.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.854-863
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• 2017

Purpose: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study of cause-and-effect relationship, which used the $7^{th}$ year data of the Panel Study on Korean Children, to investigate the effects of parenting stress, depression, and family interactions of the parents of early school-age children on children's subjective happiness. Methods: The present study included data of 1419 pairs of parents who participated in the mother and father survey of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The effects of parenting stress, depression, and parental family interactions on children's subjective happiness were analyzed as actor and partner effects using path analysis. Results: Parenting stress had an actor effect on depression; maternal parenting stress (${\beta}=-.21$, p<.001) and depression (${\beta}=-.30$, p<.001) had an actor effect on maternal family interaction; and paternal parenting stress (${\beta}=-.18$, p<.001) and depression (${\beta}=-.17$, p<.001) had a partner effect on maternal family interaction. Paternal parenting stress was found to have an actor effect on paternal family interaction (${\beta}=-.30$, p<.001), and parental depression was found to have actor effect (${\beta}=-.23$, p<.001) and maternal depression had a partner effect on paternal family interactions (${\beta}=-.22$, p<.001). Children's subjective happiness was found to have a statistically significant relationship with maternal family interaction (${\beta}=.40$, p<.001). Conclusion: The significance of the study is in its provision of basic data for adjusting parents' family interactions that are closely related to the growth and development of children by confirming the effect of parents' parenting stress, depression, and family interaction on children's subjective happiness.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.314-321
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• 2006

Purpose: The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe postpartum depression level and to identify the influence of postpartum depression on maternal role confidence, parenting stress and infant temperament, in order to develop a base for nursing intervention programs for mothers who have postpartum depression. Method: Data were collected from 183 mothers of infants who visited one public health center in Goyang city. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify the postpartum depression (BDI), maternal role confidence, parenting stress (PSI) and infant temperament (WBL). Results: Of the mothers 42.1% were in the normal range for postpartum depression, 33.3% in the mild group and 24.6% were in the moderate to severe group. There were significant differences in parenting stress, and infant temperament according to level of postpartum depression. There were correlations between maternal role confidence (r=-0.13), infant temperament (r=-0.20), parenting stress (r=0.51) and postpartum depression, and weak negative correlation between parenting stress and infant temperament (r=-0.30). Conclusion: Postpartum depression in the infant period when the mother's role is very important and the effect is not only on the mother's role but also on the infant's growth. It is essential to assess and provide immediate care to mothers who have postpartum depression.