• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.169-187
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• 1995

Contemporary US metropolitan areas have undergone divergent economic transformation, and as a result labor markets have become the focus of concern in their role as determinants of earnings attainment. Explanations of individual earnings attainmnent as a lobor market outcome have been established in two diafferent stances one who emphasizes personal or group attributes in the human capital perspective and the other who emphasizes economic structure in the labor market segmentation perspective. While remaining at the conceptual level and yet relatively unexplored, the importance of place in labormarket operation is a significant advancement as it appears in labor market areas and local labor markets considering that labor market areas represent the intersection of labor market structure and individual labor market experiences at specific geographic places. The substantive inquiry of this study was to explore labor market characteristics and their differentiation across large metropolitan areas, and assess their effects on the individual earnings attainment. Integating individual attributes and labor market characteristics as major factors of labor market operation, this study intended to contextualize individual earnings attainment with geographic labor market areas. Using 1990 US population census 5% "Public-Use Microdata Samples, " the largest 65 metropolitan areas were first selected and employed male workers who are aged between 25 and 50 for whites, blacks, asians, and hispanics. As an initial step earnings differentials between racial/ethnic groups and selected 65 metropolitan areas were examined using analysis of variance, and then earnings differentials were attributed to the individual attributes such as education, age, and immigration status, and four dimensions of metropolitan labor market differentiation devised by principal component analysis of industrial and occupational segments: Public versus Blue Collar Core(CS1), Finance-Core Utility versus Blue Collar Local Monopoly (CS2), Oligopoly versus Blue Collar Periphery(CS3), and Self Employed-White Collar Periphery versus Low-Skill Core(CS4). As a final analysis, individual earnings were related to each individual attribute and its interaction with metropolitan labor market characteristics to examine how the differentiated metropolitan labor market characteristics alter the role of individual attributes on earnings attainment. The findings indicated that individual attributes, education in particular exert significant effects on earnings attainment, but their effects were significantly altered by metropolitan labor market characterristics. Particularly important dimensions were: Oligopoly differentiated from Blue Colla Periphery metropolitan areas enhancing earnings returns to individual attributes for all groups but minority groups (black, asians, hispanics) rely more on this, and Finance-Core Utility differentiated from Blue Collar Local Monopoly metropolitan areas provide higher earnings returns to whites exclusively. These findings suggest that individuals with identical individual attributes involving racial/ethnic categories would have different earnings atteinments depending on the metropolitan labor market characteristics where they reside. Referring back to the major traditions of the human capital and the labor market segmentation in labor market research, the interaction between individual attributes and metropolitan labor market haracteristics on earnings attainment highlights the complimentary nature of the two on earnings determination in particular geographic places, Hence, labor market characteristics differentiatcd across metropolitan areas are an integral part of labor market operation which should be considered for the explanation of individual earnings attainment and racial/ethnic group earnings differentials. Gcographic places are the important contexts for labor market segmentation and individual labor market experiences. In conclusion, this study brings geographic labor markets to the forefront in the examination of individuals' earnings attainments. The empirical vaidation of the role of metropolitan labor market charecteristics on earnings attainment, while exploratory contributes towards a broader perspective of geographic labor market research that recognizes that individuals' labor market experiences are intertwined with geographic contexts of labor market operatin. operatin.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.77-86
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• 2021

This study aims at exploring the change of the total fertility rate(TFR) in regional level and analysing what different effects the local labor market and housing market have on the change of TFR. Previous studies have emphasized that the job and housing issues of the youth are structural factors on the decline of TFR. However, considering that youth problem is variant in local level, the relationship of job and housing issues with TFR could be different in local level. This study analyses what effects the situation of local labor market and housing market have on the TFR from 2012 to 2018 in regional level. The result is that the employment and housing factors have different effects on capital areas and non-capital areas. While the high cost of housing has negative effects on TFR in capital areas, it has rather positive effects in non-capital areas. However, labor market variables have statistically insignificant effects on TFR.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-38
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• 1990

The purpose of this thesis is, first to present the spatial division of labor in Korea and its mechanism, and second, to elucidate the organic integral relation between local labor market and local community by studing the mechanism that the spatial division of labor is projected into the individual lacal labor marker, and reproduction of labor force process in this local labor market. According to this purpose, the theoretical frame of this analysis is done, the positive analysis is made and Kumi is choosed as its analysis case area. The main data is from 'Survey Report on Manufacturing Idustry Wage Conditions' published by Minimum Wage Council, Ministry of Labour and from the questionnaires and interview on textile industry and electric electronics industry firms in Kumi Export Industrial Estate. The following are the results of this study. 1. The mechanism of spatial division of labor in Korea, seen through the employment structure index, is accelerating the regional discrimination by fixing the regional hierarchisation between Seoul (or Seoul Metropolitan Area as expanded Seoul) and other areas. But it is also developing highly the regional employment structure at the level of technical division of labor, since the spatial division of labor in Korea is leaded by large firms and influenced by the policy for regional development. 2. Local labor market is formed in Kumi area and its delimitation is Kumi city. The employment structure of Kumi local labor market is occupying lower hierarchy division at management hierachical level and occupying upper hierarchy division at the level of technical division of labor, and brand plants of large firs are determinating and dominating this emplogment structure. These bdranch plants of large firs are forming more favorable and stabel labor marker than locally controlled ploants in Kumi local labor market. But the reproduction of labor force process in Kumi local labor market is not fully carried out and leaked into central city, therefore Kumi is now becoming an unstable local community, suffering from large movement of population. This is because Kumi local labor market is found not for itself, but by the state policy and externally controlled plants of large firms, and therefore no potentiality to control and to absorb the exterior influences is built in Kumi local labor market. 3. The case firms A, B have spatial division of labor between decision-making function and production function, and between upper management hierachical labor force and lower management hierachical labor force in internal labor market.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-142
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• 2011

This study investigates the patterns of labor market polarization and analyzes the characteristics and roles of regional labor market in the structuring process of the polarization in the metropolitan areas of Korea. The labor market polarization plays a role of key mechanism for deepening social exclusion in the area through expanding low-pay jobs and working poor. It is of great significance to adopt a spatial approach of local labor market in order to understand underlying dynamics of labor market polarization. Especially it is necessary to develop a more differentiated and systematic policy options based on the analysis of labor market polarization in the metropolitan areas of Korea. It is because understanding spatial differentiation of labor market dynamics is essential to figure out the structuring processes of poverty and sociall exclusion in the metropolican labor market in Korea.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.75-99
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• 2022

This paper analyzes job creation when the Korean economy transitioned to a knowledge economy from the 1990s to the 2010s. During this period, the ratio of service to manufacturing jobs increased, knowledge intensive industries grew, and job creation became geographically concentrated around Seoul. The changes slowed down in the 2010s, and overall job growth weakened. To analyze the effect of job creation driver industries during this period, the main part of which are knowledge intensive tradable service industries, on local service job creation, I use a modified version of the local labor market of Moretti (2010). I analyze the job changes during 1995-2005 and during 2006-2016 in 237 Si-Gun-Gu areas in the Census on Establishments datasets. I find that one manufacturing job creates 0.5 local service jobs and that one tradable service job creates 1.1 jobs within Gu areas of metro cities and 2.3 jobs in Si-Gun areas. The job creation relationship between the tradable and local service sectors was not altered in this period. As more jobs were created in the tradable sector driven by the transition to a knowledge economy, job creation overall remained active, with the opposite also being true.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.168-189
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• 2015

The job creation has been the most pressing issue after financial crisis in many countries around the world. Various policies for creating jobs have been implemented in order to revitalize regional economy in Korea. It has been known that the jobs have been created more in low-wage and part-time work than high-wage and full-time work. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differentiation of startups job in local labor market areas(LLMAs) in terms of job quantity as well as job quality. As the spatial unit, 121 local labor market areas which were delineated based on self-containment rate(demand and supply side of labor market) and numbers of resident workers are used. Also due to difference of the size of employment, LLMAs are classified into 3 groups: large, Medium, small LLMAs. The major results are as follows: First, the characteristics of the job creation are varied among 3 groups in terms of the quantitative and qualitative aspects. Highly waged and highly value-added jobs have been created more in large LLMAs, but full-time jobs created more in small LLMAs. Secondly, the job creation of LLMAs is somewhat weakly correlated to regional economic performance. While the quality of jobs is correlated to regional economic performance in Medium LLMAs, the quantity of jobs is significantly correlated to regional economic performance in small LLMAs. The results of this research give some implications for implementing the effective policy to create jobs related to regional economy, indicating that differentiated strategies for 3 groups of LLMAs is critically important.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.33-51
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• 2023

This study aims to investigate the changes in the employment structure of occupational groups by job characteristics and analyze the factors influencing wage premiums in local labor markets from 2010 to 2020. This study's analysis involves three primary steps. First, the occupational characteristics data from the Korea Network for Occupations and Workers are subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, and then a non-routine task intensity index is calculated by each occupations. Then, we conduct an exploratory analysis of changes in the distribution of employment by occupation from 2010 to 2020 by combining data from the Population Census with data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study to construct individual-level and regional-level data. Thirdly, we employ a hierarchical linear model to examine the individual-level and regional-level factors influencing wage premiums. Since 2010, the proportion of employment in occupations requiring non-routine task has continued to rise and now dominates the metropolitan labor market. Moreover, agglomeration effects resulting from urbanization produce a substantial wage premium for wage workers in occupations requiring non-routine tasks. This study seeks to provide policy implications to mitigate inequality and polarization in local labor markets by empirically analyzing the transition of occupational structure and wage inequality in relation to the local labor market context.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.37-56
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• 2001

Regarding human capital development and the competitive advantage of regional economies, the transfer of local university graduates to the local labor market is a very important factor. This study aims to investigate the employment structure of university graduates and spatial patterns of their jobs, and the job search strategies to enter the employment system with a case study of Chonnam National University graduates. Because of the lagged industrial structure and peripheral location of Kwangju/Chonnam Province, the employment rate of the university graduates is generally lower than a national average. And there is a strong tendency of the concentration of job places on the metropolitan areas on the one hand, and on the Kwangju/chonnarn and Capital region of Korea on the other. University graduates in searching for jobs especially prefer spatial mobility toward job opportunities In other regions to promoting the flexibility of job qualifications to meet labor market demands. Based on the results of the study, we can identify a process of so-called train drains'in both quantitative and qualitative terms, and conclude that the role of the Chonnam National University in promoting regional development potentials and local labor market conditions is Quite restrictive.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.93-117
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• 2005

This study aims to examine the transition of the youth to the labor market by types of education and training institutes focusing employment rate. To construct the dataset for the analysis, the list of the graduates from 4-year universities, junior colleges, polytechnic colleges and the graduates from vocational training institutes as of February 2001 has been merged with the database for the insured in the Unemployment Insurance Database. This data enables tracking down of these graduates in terms of their mobility in the labor market. For graduates from universities and junior colleges, their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test have been matched. One of major findings is that the longer the schooling period is, the better the employment results are. Among those who finished 4-year universities, those who went to schools in the metropolitan area achieve a relatively better record in job finding than those who attended schools in the local areas. Meanwhile it is confirmed that the SAT score is highly co-related with the performance in the labor market among those who finished 4-year universities. The co-relation of one's major with his/her employment is not negligible also.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.3-17
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• 2023

This study aims to comprehensively assess the phenomenon of structural unemployment, with a specific emphasis on unemployment resulting from spatial mismatch, while also exploring potential solutions. Spatial mismatch unemployment presents a unique challenge distinct from unemployment stemming from demand deficient, thus requiring a more multifaceted approach beyond the efforts of individual businesses and national economic recovery policy. To underscore the importance of addressing spatial mismatch, this research seeks to quantify its contribution to overall unemployment. Additionally, we evaluate the effectiveness of local labor markets, a prominent mechanism for alleviating spatial mismatch, categorized by occupation, to assess their effectiveness for addressing this issue. Through this analysis, our study advocates for the development of comprehensive policies within the realm of job-related initiatives, including spatial alignment through inter-regional collaborations, in conjunction with region-specific policies and strategies for job creation.