• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2019

In order to evaluate the microbiological safety of ice cream products, the total viable bacterial counts were measured in 6 kinds of ice pops, 5 kinds of non-milk fat ice cream, and 5 kinds of milk fat ice cream, sold in local markets. In addition, E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes were artificially inoculated in three types of ice cream products and stored at $-5^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$, and $-18^{\circ}C$, respectively, and after inoculation, viable cells were measured periodically. As a result of the total viable count, about 1~2 log CFU/mL was detected in 16 kinds of ice cream products. As a result of inoculation with microorganisms at various temperatures, the number of viable cells decreased as the storage period became longer, and the higher the storage temperature, the faster the microorganisms died. Especially, the microorganisms were killed faster in the ice pop products than in the other ice cream products, and the microorganisms were killed relatively slower in the milk ice cream. L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were relatively stable in frozen conditions compared to other microorganisms. The microbial contamination of commercial ice cream was lower than the allowable standard of the Korean Food Code. Microorganisms did not proliferate when the microorganism was inoculated at freezing temperature. Therefore, it is expected that the microbiological safety of frozen foods will be ensured if the sanitary control and disinfection of raw materials are thoroughly carried out during the production of frozen confections and the temperature control during distribution and storage is well maintained.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.212-215
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• 2008

The effect of gamma irradiation on the Hunter color values, microbiological quality, and sensory attributes of frozen ground beef, pork, and chicken was investigated. Fresh meat samples were purchased from local markets, packed and frozen in polyethylene bags, and irradiated at 5 kGy. The Hunter's L-values (lightness) were not significantly different in all the meat samples after irradiation, but the a-values (redness) were higher in the irradiated beef and pork than the non-irradiated ones. After 6 months of storage at $-6^{\circ}C$, the L-values increased in all the meat samples and the a-value in chicken was lower in the irradiated sample than that of the control. The microbial counts decreased in all the samples right after irradiation, but the coliforms and yeasts & molds increased by 1-2 log cycles after 6 months even under frozen state. The overall acceptability of the meat was not affected by irradiation. Panelists had a higher likeness for the increased redness in irradiated beef. In general, only the color changes in meat as a result of irradiation were found to be species-dependent.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2014

The propagation behavior and structural variation of a premixed propane/air flame with frequency change in an ultrasonic standing wave at various equivalence ratios were experimentally investigated using Schlieren photography and pressure measurement. The propagating flame was observed in high-speed Schlieren images, allowing local flame velocities of the moving front to be analyzed in detail. The study reveals that the distorted flame front and horizontal splitting in the burnt zone are due to the ultrasonic standing wave. Vertical locations of the distortion and horizontal stripes are intimately dependent on the frequency of the ultrasonic standing wave. In addition, the propagation velocity of the flame front bounded by the standing wave is greater than that of the flame front without acoustic excitation. As expected, the influence of the ultrasonic standing wave on premixed-flame propagation becomes more prominent as the frequency increases.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.545-556
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• 2003

Detailed interdisciplinary investigations demonstrate that the Yeongsan River estuarine-filled sediments clearly record important paleoenvironmental changes during the Last Glacial and Holocene. The sediments from 18.9 m(20.5∼l.6m in depth) long core MW-1 are differentiated by changes in sedimentary textures and palynomorph assemblages. Chronology was provided by AMS$^{14}$C dating and regional pollen correlation. Three paleoenvironrnental phases are recognized: (1) The Last Glacial deposits consist mainly of fluvial sediments and paleosols, experienced deposition alternating with pedogenesis. The appearance of the paleosols suggests that the paleoclimate might be cold and humid. (2) The early and middle Holocene phase started abruptly in response to the rapid global climatic warming. and is characterized by abundant marine palynomorphs. (3) The late Holocene is marked by more cool conditions. The paleoenvironmental changes recorded in the sediments coincide not only with local but also with broad-scale, probably global climate changes.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.282-285
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to investigate the cost reduction of rhizome through the stable storage of Jiwhang #1(Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch). The growth characteristics of Jiwhang #1 are different from those of local Rehmannia glutinosa L. varieties in Korea. Various storage methods was introduced and analyzed for 120 days. Among storage methods, changes in mean daily temperature in storage location were the least from 7.2 to 13.8$^{\circ}C$ in underground storage, while those were wide in styrofoam box filled with soil, and changes in mean daily relative humidity were the highest 98.2% in underground storage. As the storage period increased, the rhizome brix and the rate of rhizome loss and spoiled rhizome increased. The brix and loss rate of rhizome were higher in net sack filled with hull and styrofoam box filled with hull, but the rate of spoiled rhizome was the greatest in underground storage among storage methods. As the storage period increased, the hardness of rhizome epidermis increased, while that of rhizome endodermis decreased.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2019

Background: Cnidium officinale Makino and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. are important medicinal crops in Korea. However, there is insufficient information on the identification of thrips, which attack these plants. Until now, one species of thrips has been recorded as a main pest. Methods and Results: To identify the thrips emerging in C. officinale Makino and L. chuanxiong Hort., these plants were independently cultivated in two local areas. Thirty individuals of each plant species were selected randomly and surveyed for the presence of thrips. After confirming the existence of thrips, 100 thrips individuals were collected from each crop using the beating method. To identify thrips species, we performed PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based analysis using ITS2 primer sets. Six thrips species were identified: western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), flower thrips (F. intonsa), onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), chrysanthemum thrips (T. nigropilosus), chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), and grass thrips (Anaphothrips obscurus). The proportion of these species differed between the host plant species. Conclusions: Six thrips species were major pests of two medicinal crops. Integrated pest management is required to control these thrips species, and will enhance the yield and quality of C. officinale and L. chuanxiong.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 1988

To know the optimum harvest time for seed yield and seed quality a local variety of rye 'Paldang-homil'was harvested at seven different harvest times from 25 to 55 day after heading (DAH) at five-day intervals in 1984 ani 1986. Seed development, seed germination and seedling growth were observed. The l000-grain weight increased as harvest time delayed until 50 DAH in both years. Although grain yield tended to increase with delay of harvest time, the yield differences between succeding harvest time was highest between 40 DAH and 45 DAH. Germination rate of seeds harvested before 30 DAH were lower than those after 35 DAH at 20 C, but at 10 and 30 C before 35 DAH were lower after 40 DAH. Plant height and dry weight of seedlings increased with delay of harvest time up to 45 DAH in pot. Heading stages were similar among the seeds harvested 40-55 DAH. Culm length was not different among the harvest times. The optimum harvest time for seed production of rye seems to be 45 DAH (38 days after flowering).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.417-422
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• 2005

This study was aimed to design and formulate the moisture-activated patches containing ofloxacin and lidocaine for antibacterial and local anesthetic action. The solubility of lidocaine at $32^{\circ}C$ in various vehicles decreased in the rank order of PG $759.5{\pm}44.5\;mg/mL$ > PGL > IPM > PEG 300 > PEG 400 > Ethanol > PGMC > DGME > PGML > OA > $Captex^{\circledR}\;300$ > $Captex^{\circledR}\;200$ > water $(4.0{\pm}0.1\;mg/mL)$. Ofloxacin revealed very low solubility, which the highest solubility was obtained from PEG 400 $(18.7{\pm}6.3\;mg/mL)$ among the vehicles used. The addition of lactic acid increased the solubility of ofloxacin dramatically; the solubility at 5% lactic acid was $133.7{\pm}9.7\;mg/mL$. As $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ was added at the concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mM, the solubilities of lidocaine and ofloxacin were enhanced up to three and two times, respectively, with concentration-dependent pattern. Gel intermediates for filmtype patches were prepared with mucoadhesive polymer, viscosity builders, lidocaine or ofloxacin at pH values from 5 to 7. Gels were cast onto a release liner and dried at room temperature. Dried patch was attached onto an adhesive backing layer, thus forming a patch system. Patches containing a single drug component were characterized by in vitro measurement of drug release rates through a cellulose barrier membrane. The release study was carried out at $37^{\circ}C$ using a Franz-type cell. Receptor solutions were isotonic phosphate buffers (pH 7.4). Samples $(100\;{\mu}L)$ were taken over 24 hours and quantitated by a verified HPLC method. The releases from all tested were proportional to the square root of time. The release rates were 0.9, 157.3 and $281.7\;{\mu}g/cm^{2}/min^{1/2}$ for the lidocaine patches and 19.8,37.2 and $50.7\;{\mu}g/cm^{2}/min^{1/2}$ for the ofloxacin patches at the concentrations of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 %, respectively. The release rates were dose dependent in both drug patches $(R^{2}\;=\;0.9077\;for\;lidocaine;\;R^{2}\;=\;0.9949\;for\;ofloxacin)$ and those were also thickness-dependent $(R^{2}\;=\;0.9246\;for\;lidocaine;\;R^{2}\;=\;0.9512\;for\;ofloxacin)$.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.605-610
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• 2003

According to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, leukemia is a malignant disease (cancer) that originates in a cell in the marrow. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of developing marrow cells. There are two major classifications of leukemia: myelogenous or lymphocytic, which can each be acute or chronic. The terms myelogenous or lymphocytic denote the cell type involved. Thus, four major types of leukemia are: acute or chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma are considered to be related cancers because they involve the uncontrolled growth of cells with similar functions and origins. The diseases result from an acquired (not inherited) genetic injury to the DNA of a single cell, which becomes abnormal (malignant) and multiplies continuously. In the United States, about 2,000 children and 27,000 adults are diagnosed each year with leukemia. Treatment for cancer may include one or more of the following: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, surgery and bone marrow transplantation. The most effective treatment for leukemia is chemotherapy, which may involve one or a combination of anticancer drugs that destroy cancer cells. Specific types of leukemia are sometimes treated with radiation therapy or biological therapy. Common side effects of most chemotherapy drugs include hair loss, nausea and vomiting, decreased blood counts and infections. Each type of leukemia is sensitive to different combinations of chemotherapy. Medications and length of treatment vary from person to person. Treatment time is usually from one to two years. During this time, your care is managed on an outpatient basis at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center or through your local doctor. Once your protocol is determined, you will receive more specific information about the drug(s) that Will be used to treat your leukemia. There are many factors that will determine the course of treatment, including age, general health, the specific type of leukemia, and also whether there has been previous treatment. there is considerable interest among basic and clinical researchers in novel drugs with activity against leukemia. the vast history of experience of traditional oriental medicine with medicinal plants may facilitate the identification of novel anti leukemic compounds. In the present investigation, we studied 31 kinds of anti leukemic medicinal plants, which its pharmacological action was already reported through many experimental articles and oriental medical book: 『pharmacological action and application of anticancer traditional chinese medicine』 In summary: Used leukemia cellline are HL60, HL-60, Jurkat, Molt-4 of human, and P388, L-1210, L615, L-210, EL-4 of mouse. 31 kinds of anti leukemic medicinal plants are Panax ginseng C.A Mey; Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc; Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc; Aloe ferox Mill; Phorboc diester; Tripterygium wilfordii Hook .f.; Lycoris radiata (L Her)Herb; Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; Lilium brownii F.E. Brown Var; Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.; Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels; Asparagus cochinensis (Lour. )Merr; Isatis tinctoria L.; Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet; Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.; Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim; Dioscorea opposita Thumb; Schisandra chinensis (Rurcz. )Baill.; Auium Sativum L; Isatis tinctoria, L; Ligustisum Chvanxiong Hort; Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch; Euphorbia Kansui Liou; Polygala tenuifolia Willd; Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth; Chelidonium majus L; Rumax madaeo Mak; Sophora Subprostmousea Chunet T.ehen; Strychnos mux-vomical; Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.)Harms; Rubia cordifolia L. Anti leukemic compounds, which were isolated from medicinal plants are ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rh2, Emodin, Yuanhuacine, Aleemodin, phorbocdiester, Triptolide, Homolycorine, Atractylol, Colchicnamile, Paeonol, Aspargus polysaccharide A.B.C.D, Indirubin, Leonunrine, Acinosohic acid, Trichosanthin, Ge 132, Schizandrin, allicin, Indirubin, cmdiumlactone chuanxiongol, 18A glycyrrhetic acid, Kansuiphorin A 13 oxyingenol Kansuiphorin B. These investigation suggest that it may be very useful for developing more effective anti leukemic new dregs from medicinal plants.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

This study conducted 4 different kinds of underwear materials, which were A (Cotton 100%), B (Wool 100%), C (Cotton/Wool, 50/50%) and D (Acrylic/Cotton, 50/50%) and were done in a climate chamber under cold ambient $10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $40{\pm}5%RH$ by 6 male subjects who were in good health. Physiological parameters such as rectal and local skin temperature(forehead, forearm, hand, trunk, thigh, leg, foot, back and chest), heart rate, body weight loss, clothing microclimate, blood lactic acid concentration, and wearing sensation were measured. Started with a 15-min rest period, 15-min of exercise 1 (the condition of 4.5 mile/hr walking speed equivalent to with 8.5 Kcal energy consumption on the treadmill) period, 15-min rest period, exercise 2 (after 3minutes warming-up at 3.0. 3.7, 4.5. 5.2. 6.0, 6.7 mile/hr) until exhaustion period, and final 15-min of recovery period were performed. The results were as follows: The lowest mean skin temperature was acrylic/cotton in order of wool > cotton/wool > cotton > acrylic/cotton (F=13. 79. p<0.00l). Most of all skin temperature by parts of body had turned out in sequence of temperature wool > cotton/wool > acrylic/cotton > cotton. Fore arm part showed highest temperature about $32.43^{\circ}C$ on wool and had a tendency approximately $1.8^{\circ}C$ higher than cotton which had the lowest temperature, and had the biggest difference among garments in terms of skin temperature. The back temperature within clothing showed about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than the chest temperature within clothing. but the back humidity within clothing showed about 4~12% higher than the chest humidity within clothing. Body weight loss by each garment was this sequence; cotton > acrylic/cotton > wool > cotton/wool.