• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.447-467
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 도(degree)와 라디안을 호의 측도로 해석하는 것이 라디안과 각의 측정에 대한 개념적 이해에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보는 것이다. 이에 호의 길이를 이용한 각의 측도에 대한 내용지식을 26명의 예비중등교사를 대상으로 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 반영하여 두 명의 중학생들을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였다. 예비교사들과 두 중학생의 반응을 분석한 결과, 도(degree)의 개념을 호의 측도로 해석한 경험이 라디안의 이해에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 호의 측도로 각의 측도를 파악하는 과정이 '선형 측정'에 대한 개념적 이해를 가능하게 하였다. 또한 각에 관한 다양한 문제에서 원의 맥락과 호의 등분 전략이 효과적인 문제해결전략으로 작용하였으며, 각과 호의 측도 사이의 관계를 탐구할 수 있는 직접적인 조작활동을 제공하는 것이 각의 측정 개념에 대한 이해에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2011

The error motion of a machine tool spindle directly affects the surface errors of machined parts. The error motions of the spindle are not desired errors in the three linear direction motions and two rotating motions. Those are usually due to the imperfect of bearings, stiffness of spindle, assembly errors, external force or unbalance of rotors. The error motions of the spindle have been needed to be decreased to desired goal of spindle's performance. The level of error motion is needed to be estimated during the design and assembly process of the spindle. In this paper, the estimation method for the five degree of freedom (5 D.O.F) error motions of the spindle is suggested. To estimate the error motions of the spindle, waviness of shaft and bearings, external force model was used as input data. And, the estimation models are considering geometric relationship and force equilibrium of the five degree of the freedom. To calculate error motions of the spindle, not only imperfection of the shaft, bearings, such as rolling element bearing, hydrostatic bearing, and aerostatic bearing, but also driving elements such as worm, pulley, and direct driving motor systems, were considered.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of restraint (DOR) of longitudinal steel at continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) against environmental loadings. METHODS : To measure the longitudinal steel strain, 3-electrical resistance and self-temperature compensation gauges were installed to CRCP test section (thickness = 250mm, steel ratio = 0.7%) and continuously measured 10 min. intervals during 259 days. In order to properly analyze the steel strains first, temperature compensation process has been conducted. Secondly, measured steel strains were divided into 12 phases with different events such as before paving, during concrete hardening, and after first cracking, etc. RESULTS : Thermal strain rate (TSR) concept is defined as the linear strain variations with temperature changes and restraints rate of longitudinal steel against environmental loadings (especially thermal loading) with different cases is defined as degree of restraint(DOR). New concept of DOR could be indirect indicator of crack width behaviors of CRCP. CONCLUSIONS : Before paving, DOR of longitudinal steel is almost same at the coefficient of thermal expansion of steel ($12.44m/m/^{\circ}C$) because of no restraint boundary condition. After concrete pouring, DOR is gradually changed into -1 due to concrete stiffness developing with hydration. After first cracking at crack induced area, values of DOR are around -3~-5. The negative DOR stands for the crack width behavior instead of steel strain behavior. During winter season, DOR reached to -5.77 as the highest, but spring this values gradually reduced as -1.7 as the lowest. Based on this observation, we can presume crack width decreased over time within the time frame of this study. This finding is not consistent with the current theory on crack width variations over time, so further study is necessary to identify the causes of crack width reducing. One of the reasons could be related to concrete stress re-distribution and stress relaxation.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1999년도 제17회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.65-65
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• 1999

Dry etching technique provides more easy controllability on the etch profile such as anisotropic etching than wet etching process and the results of lots of researches on the characterization of various plasmas or ion beams for semiconductor etching have been reported. Chlorine-based plasmas or chlorine ion beam have been often used to etch several semiconductor materials, in particular Si-based materials. We have studied the effect of He flow rate on the Si and SiO2 dry etching using chlorine-based plasma. Experiments were performed using reactive ion etching system. RF power was 300W. Cl2 gas flow rate was fixed at 58.6 sccm, and the He flow rate was varied from 0 to 120 sccm. Fig. 1 presents the etch depth of si layer versus the etching time at various He flow rate. In case of low He flow rate, the etch rate was measured to be negligible for both Si and SiO2. As the He flow increases over 30% of the total inlet gas flow, the plasma state becomes stable and the etch rate starts to increase. In high Ge flow rate (over 60%), the relation between the etch depth and the time was observed to be nearly linear. Fig. 2 presents the variation of the etch rate depending on the He flow rate. The etch rate increases linearly with He flow rate. The results of this preliminary study show that Cl2/He mixture plasma is good candidate for the controllable si dry etching.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1997

SrCO3 TiO2, 그리고 Nb2O5를 출발원료로 하여 환원분위기하에서 반도성 SrTiO3 소결첼르 제조하였다. 반도성 다결정 소결체 내에서 acceptor 역할을 할 수 있는 Na과 K 이온을 입계를 따라 80$0^{\circ}C$~120$0^{\circ}C$ 온도범위에서 확산시킨 후, 열처리조건에 따른 입계의 전기적 화학적 특성을 고찰하였다. 이차열처리한 소결체의 입계에는 일정한 전기적 포텐셜장벽과 이에 상관된 전자고갈영역이 형성되어 비선형적인 전류-전압 특성을 보이고 문턱전압(threshold voltage)은 10~70V, 입계포텐셜장벽은 0.1~2eV의 크기를 나타내었다. Na과 K 이온은 입계로부터 입자내부로 확산하여 20~50 nm 깊이의 확산층을 형성하며, 이들 확산층에서 Na 또는 K과의 치환에 기인하여 Sr농도가 감소하였으며 치환에 따른 전기적 중성유지를 위하여 산소 vacancy 농도가 증가하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 트랜지스터의 게이트-소스 전압에 따른 소자의 이동도 감소 현상으로 생기는 OTA의 선형성 감소를 보상하기 위한 새로운 선형 OTA론 설계하고, 이것을 9차 베셀 필터에 응용한다. 제안된 OTA의 입력단은 선형(triode) 영역에서 동작하는 트랜지스터와 subthreshold 영역에서 동작하는 트랜지스터가 병렬로 연결된 구조를 가진다. 이 구조는 이동도 감소 현상에 의한 3차 고조파 성분을 상쇄시키므로, 보다 넓은 입력 범위를 가지면서 개선된 선형성을 유지할 수 있는 OTA 회로의 구현이 가능하다. 제안한 OTA는 ±0.8V의 입력 범위 내에서 ±0.32%의 트랜스컨덕턴스(Gm) 변화율을 갖고 총 고조파 왜곡(THD)은 -60㏈ 이하이다. 제안된 OTA를 적용한 9차 베낄 필터는 공급전압 3.3V를 갖는 0.35㎛ n-well CMOS 공정으로 구현되었으며, 필터의 차단주파수는 8㎒, 전력소비는 65mW로 동작하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 멤스 기술의 하나인 연성 인쇄 회로 기판을 이용하여 임의의 형태로 변형이 가능한 초고주파 멤스 송신기를 제안하였다. 연성 인쇄 회로 기판은 그 무게가 가볍고 두께가 얇아 경량 소형화 모듈을 만드는데 유리한 장점이 있다. 또한, 연성 인쇄 회로 기판은 종이와 같이 유연한 특성을 가지고 있어 평면이 아닌 임의의 곡면 등에 실장할 수 있는 장정을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 근거리 센서 네트워크 구성을 위한 직교 주파수 분할 다중 전송 방식을 위한 선형 무선 송신기를 설계 제작하였다. 송신 모듈의 능동 회로는 전력효율이 높고 선형성이 우수하여 전력 증폭기에 많이 사용되고 있는 InGaP/GaAs HBT 공정을 사용하여 설계 및 제작하였으며, 매칭 회로 및 필터 등의 수동 회로는 연성 인쇄 회로 기판에 직접 집적화 하여 제작하였다. 제작된 멤스 송신기는 EVM 특성을 통하여 시스템 성능을 분석하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.620-626
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 2차 전역통과 필터를 이용하여 입력정합을 수행하고, LC 병렬공진 회로를 이용하여 트랜지스터의 출력 리액턴스를 최소화하는 기법을 적용함으로써 2~6 GHz에서 동작하는 광대역 GaN 전력증폭기 MMIC를 설계 및 제작하였다. 광대역 손실정합을 위해 사용된 2차 전역통과 필터는 트랜지스터의 채널 저항 효과를 보상하기 위해 비대칭적 구조를 사용하였다. Win Semiconductors사의 $0.25{\mu}m$ GaN HEMT 파운드리 공정으로 제작된 MMIC 칩은 크기가 $2.6mm{\times}1.3mm$이며, 주파수 대역 내에서 약 13 dB의 평탄한 이득 특성과 10 dB 이상의 우수한 입력정합 특성을 보였다. 포화출력 조건에서 측정된 출력전력은 2~6 GHz에서 38.6~39.8 dBm의 값을 보였고, 전력부가효율은 31.3~43.4 %을 나타내었다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.468-481
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• 2011

This research is to observe and analyze the student interactions when inquiry problems were generated along with the students by using asynchronous discussion methods with the class bulletin board. For this research, 10 students from a single class of 6th grade were selected. The subject students were divided into 2 groups by cognitive levels. After the students were submitted the 4 problem situations for 1 week each, the discussion process was analyzed. The research results are as follows. First, the analysis of the step by step interactive discussion showed that several students answered for the question from a single student while discussing first for the question and answer in a form of a question with many multiple answers without any connections with the previously asked questions. At the end of the discussion, one to two students answered to a question by taking turns and the type of discussion changed to one question - one answer type by answering to the person who spoke prior to the next. Second, the discussion took place with the students in the transitional stage speaking in time in order, to provide comments to the bottom of the linear form and students in the formal operational stage students speaking in temporal order, regardless of the number of comments in the direction of the radiation(mind map) forms. The individual comment speaking rates were similar in the two groups so the students were able to speak indiscriminately.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.401-410
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• 2011

We assayed the effects of simulated acid rain on the mass loss, $CO_2$ evolution, dehydrogenase activity, and microbial biomass-C of decomposing Sorbus alnifolia leaf litter at the microcosm. The dilute sulfuric acid solution composed the simulated acid rain, and the microcosm decomposition experiment was performed at 23$^{\circ}C$ and 40% humidity. During the early decomposition stage, decomposition rate of S. alnifolia leaf litter, and microbial biomass, $CO_2$ evolution and dehydrogenase activity were inhibited at a lower pH; however, during the late decomposition stage, these characteristics were not affected by pH level. The fungal component of the microbial community was conspicuous at lower pH levels and at the late decomposition stage. Conversely, the bacterial community was most evident during the initial decomposition phase and was especially dominant at higher pH levels. These changes in microbial community structure resulting from changes in microcosm acidity suggest that pH is an important aspect in the maintenance of the decomposition process. Litter decomposition exhibited a positive, linear relationship with both microbial respiration and microbial biomass. Fungal biomass exhibited a significant, positive relationship with $CO_2$ evolution from the decaying litter. Acid rain had a significant effect on microbial biomass and microbial community structure according to acid tolerance of each microbial species. Fungal biomass and decomposition activities were not only more important at a low pH than at a high pH but also fungal activity, such as $CO_2$ evolution, was closely related with litter decomposition rate.