• 사회경제평론
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.31-70
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• 2016

This study provides a comprehensive survey of Post Keynesian economics. The global financial crisis 2008-2009 has triggered an important debate concerning economic theory, policy and methodology. The most important thing that this economic crisis has done for economics is that it revealed mainstream economics was wrong. Mainstream economics has been unable to offer clear answers for the crisis. The economic crisis, at the same time, brought about a crisis in the field of economics. This study suggests that economics needs to be altered into a new form that can explain the real world economy. In this paper, it is argued that Post Keynesian economics can be understood as the alternative economics. The paper begins with the vision and the origins of several Post Keynesian ideas, leading to an examination of certain features of the various groups, including their methodology and their approaches to uncertainty, their pricing theories and their growth theories. The focus, however, is on the stage reflected in Post Keynesian economics which is concerned with the conception of Lakatos's 'Scientific Research Programmes'. It is recognized that more research is necessary in order to complete the post keynesian economics as a standard science or as a progressive Scientific Research Programmes in economics.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.409-424
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• 2002

The historico-genetic principle has been advocated continuously, as an alternative one to the traditional deductive method of teaching and learning mathematics, by Clairaut, Cajori, Smith, Klein, Poincar$\'{e}$, La Cour, Branford, Toeplitz, etc. since 18C. And recently we could find various studies in relation to the historico-genetic principle. Lakatos', Freudenthal's, and Brousseau's are representative in them. But they are different from the previous historico- genetic principle in many aspects. In this study, the previous historico- genetic principle is called as classical historico- genetic principle and the other one as modern historico-genetic principle. This study shows that the differences between them arise from the historical views of mathematics and the development of the theories of mathematics education. Dewey thinks that education is a constant reconstruction of experience. This study shows the historico-genetic principle could us embody the Dewey's psycological method. Bruner's discipline-centered curriculum based on Piaget's genetic epistemology insists on teaching mathematics in the reverse order of historical genesis. This study shows the real understaning the structure of knowledge could not neglect the connection with histogenesis of them. This study shows the historico-genetic principle could help us realize Bruner's point of view on the teaching of the structure of mathematical knowledge. In this study, on the basis of the examination of the development of the historico-genetic principle, we try to stipulate the principle more clearly, and we also try to present teaching unit for the logarithm according to the historico- genetic principle.

• School Mathematics
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.353-373
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to analysis the basic network problem which can be applied to the mathematically gifted students in elementary school. Mainly, we discuss didactic transpositions of the double counting principle, the game of sprouts, Eulerian graph problem, and the minimum connector problem. Here the double counting principle is related to the handshaking lemma; in any graph, the sum of all the vertex-degree is equal to the number of edges. The selection of these subjects are based on the viewpoint; to familiar to graph theory, to raise algorithmic thinking, to apply to the real-world problem. The theoretical background of didactic transpositions of these subjects are based on the Polya's mathematical heuristics and Lakatos's philosophy of mathematics; quasi-empirical, proofs and refutations as a logic of mathematical discovery.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.20 no.1 s.25
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• pp.19-32
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• 2006

We study on administration system and teaching of R &E(Research and Education) in Korea Science Academy(KSA) laying stress on Mathematics project No.7. We analyze in detail administration system of R&E in KSA(for example, aim, human constitution, practical execution), and draw some meaningful suggestions in order to receive successful results in R&E of KSA. And we describe mathematical topics, problems, and results which are received by students of KSA in the process of R&E(project No.7).

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.443-460
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• 2021

This study analyzes the characteristics of elementary math gifted classes through the development and application of teaching and learning materials. We used the guided reinvention methods including quasi-experiential perspectives. To this end, the applicability of Lakatos' quasi-empirical mathematical philosophy in elementary mathematics was examined, and the criteria for the development of teaching and learning materials for gifted students were presented, and then this study was conducted in this theoretical background. The subjects of the study were 21 elementary students at P University's Institute of Science and Gifted Education, and non-face-to-face real-time classes were conducted. Classes were divided into introduction, deployment1, deployment2, organization stages, and in each stage, small group cooperative learning was conducted based on group activities, and in this process, the characteristics of elementary mathematics gifted were analyzed. As a result of the study, elementary mathematics gifted students did not clearly present the essence of justification in the addition algorithm of fractions, but presented various interpretations of 'wrong' mathematics. They also showed their ingenuity in the process of spontaneously developing 'wrong' mathematics. On the other hand, by taking interest in new mathematics starting from 'wrong' mathematics, negative perceptions about it could be improved positively. It is expected that the development of teaching and learning materials dealing with various and original topics for the gifted students in elementary school will proceed through follow-up research.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.88-100
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• 2000

This study was to investigate high school students' philosophical views on science and positions of constructivists; Popper, Lakatos, Toulmin, and Kuhn. The results of this study were as follows: First, most students had the eclectic position(69%): similar percentages in sex(male 67%, female 75%), stream(liberal art 72%, science 74%), and of having experience on reading books or magazines related to the philosophy of science(ever 78%, never 64%). Second, in analysis of ANDVA of science philosphical perspectives by experience of reading books, magazines, and matters related to the philosophy of science, significant difference was revealed(p<.01). Students who had ever heard of or read about the philosophy of science were tend to have Empiricism. Third, ANDVA analysis of constructivist philosphical perspectives showed that male students were nearer to Kuhn's position than female(p<.05) and students in science stream were closer to Popper than in liberal art(p<.05). And male students in science party showed a great tendency to consent Popper's perspective(p<.01). This result seems to suggest that male students tended to think social aspects more deeply than female and held Kuhn's position.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.02b
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• pp.313-319
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• 1994

Phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial designed to determine the efficacy of seven nonpharmacologic interventions in reducing blood pressure among persons with high-normal diastolic blood pressure. the initial goal for recruitment was to enroll 2,100 participants over a nine-month period. The yield from the first screening visit to randomization was 13% overall, with clinic-specific yields ranging from 4.5% to 31.7%. After five months of recruitment, approximately 60% of the goal for that point in the recruitment timetable had been randomized. Clinical centers falling short of their goals at that time altered their recruitment strategies and intensified their efforts, and centers that had exceeded their goals recruited additional participants. As a result, 2,182 participants, or 104\% of the goal for recruitment, were randomized over a 13-month period. Those clinics using a cohort, or wave, type of enrollment were most successful in achieving their recruitment goals within the prescribed timetable.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.148
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• pp.157-181
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• 2018

The aim of this essay is to identify elements of methodologies to investigate the development of Newtonian dynamics. This methodology involves the transformation and synthesis of preceding theories. My essay attempts to confirm my assertion by analyzing historical case of Newton's discovery of his dynamics. While discovering his mechanistic theory, Newton reconstructed theoretical concepts and structures of intellectual predecessors, such as Aristotle, Descartes, Galileo, and Kepler. Newton's synthesis was possible only after carefully reconstructing the appropriate and useful ideas of previous natural philosophers' ideas. As a result, Newtonian dynamics are completed with these modified and integrated concepts incorporated into Newton's law of motion and space-time concepts. This study consists of two parts. First, Lakatos' research program has been applied in order to analyze the structure of Newtonian dynamics. Second, the aforementioned methodologies of discovery are distilled from the case study.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.144-160
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• 2013

This study is a proposal, which is the trial to explicate, in neurology, on how critical thinking as a creative method of sciences functions. The creative methods of sciences, even at present, are mostly the hypothetical insistences concerning with the logical processes of researches suggested from the philosophers of science; Popper, Kuhn, Hempel, or Lakatos. These insistences do excavate what process or approach can be scoped out of scientists' creativity. I call the tendency or approach of the researches, "Process Approach of Creativity (PAC)". From my view point, any PAC trial does not concern with how creative theories can actually be invented. On the other hand, this study is focused on the philosophical thinking abilities of scientists who invented new great theories. They mostly had some experiences to study philosophy while studying their science fields, thus had critical thinking abilities on their studies. From my point of view, critical thinking in philosophy raised questions as to their fundamental and basic (old) concepts and principles, and thus gave them new creative theories. I will try to explain this from the point of neurophilosophy. From the perspectives coming from "the state space theory of representation" of Paul & Patricia Churchland, the pioneers of neurophilosphy, the "creative theories" are the networks of topographic maps giving new comprehensive explanations and predictions. From these perspectives, I presuppose that the attitude of critical questioning revises the old networks of maps with back-propagation or feedback, and thus, is the generative power of searching new networks of maps. From the presupposition, I can say, it is important that scientists reflect on the basic premises in their academic branches for issuing out extraordinary creativity. The critical attitude of philosophy can make scientists construct the maps of new conceptual scheme by shaking the maps of the old basic premises. From this context, I am able to propose "Critical Thinking Approach of Creativity (CTAC)".

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.662-669
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• 2021

Objective: Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated. Methods: The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The PPARγ expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas IGF1 was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in FADS2, PPARγ, and IGF1 gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control. Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.