• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.77-91
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the phonetic characteristics of the 'focus' phrases associated with the particle '-man' in Korean. The particle '-man' is a bound morpheme which, like other postpositions such as the subject marker '-ka' and the object marker '-lil', the so-called 'case markers' in Korean, typically attaches to a noun (phrase). The semantics of '-man' roughly corresponds to that of only, its counterpart in English, and is thus classified as a 'delimiter' (Yang 1973). It is assumed in this paper that '-man', like only in English, should have a 'focus' associated with it (von Stechow 1991, Rooth 1992). In general, '-man' attached phrases get the focus, but sometimes the association is not clear-cut, especially in the cases of emphatic use of '-man' or when the context strongly favors other phrase as the focus (Choe 1996). In this paper, we compare the phonetic characteristics of the '-man' marked phrases with those to which '-ka'/'-lil' is attached, and conclude that the focused '-man' phrases show higher fundamental frequencies than their equally focused 'case' -marked counterparts. However, when the context clearly forces the focus to fall on phrases other than the '-man' or '-ka'/'-lil' attached ones, there is no meaningful difference in fundamental frequency between the '-man' and '-ka'/'-lil' attached phrases. We also compare the phonetic characteristics of the regular use of '-man' with those of the emphatic '-man'. According to our experiments, the emphatic '-man' does not bring forth its phonetic effects, namely, higher fundamental frequencies, on the' -man' attached words or phrases but rather in various other ways such as higher fundamental frequencies in '-man', lengthening of the following word-initial syllable, or the inclusion of the following word in the same accentual phrase. Finally, it is claimed that '-man' associated focus phenomena, especially the emphatic use of '-man', show some typical acoustic characteristics of the other well-known focus phenomena, namely, wh-interrogatives.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.483-493
• /
• 1996

The tectonic environment and source characteristics of the Daebo granitic batholith in the central Ogcheon Belt were investigated based upon major and trace element geochemistry. The batholith is comprised of three granite types; a biotite granite (DBBG), K-feldspar megacryst-bearing biotite granite (DBKG), and a more mafic granodiorite (DBGD). The variations of Na and K in the granites can not be explained by simple fractional crystallization from the same primary magma. The irregular behavior of these alkali elements indicates a variety of source materials or incomplete mixing of different source materials. The large ion lithophile (LIL) element enrichment and low Ta/Hf ratios of the granites are typical characteristics of normal, calc-alkaline continental arc granitoids. Based upon REE patterns of the granites, it seems to be unreasonable to regard the felsic DBBG as a late stage differentiate formed by residual melts after the fractionation of major constituent minerals of the more mafic DBGD. Inconsistent variations in ${\varepsilon}_{Nd}(t)$ and LIL element concentrations of the granites preclude a mixing model between primitive melt and LIL element-enriched upper crustal materials. The irregular geochemical variation of the granites is taken to be largely inherited from an already heterogeneous source region.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.417-427
• /
• 2022

In this study, we investigated in vitro immuno-stimulatory and anti-obesity activity of fruit (LIF), leaves (LIL) and stems (LIS) from Lonicera insularis Nakai in mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells and mouse pre-adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells. LIF, LIL and LIS increased the production of immunostimulatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and activated phagocytosis in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) partly blocked LIF, LIL and LIS mediated production of immunostimulatory factors. In addition, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling attenuated the production of immunostimulatory factors induced by LIF, LIL and LIS. Based on these results of this study, LIF, LIL and LIS is thought to activate macrophages the production of immunostimulatory factors and phagocytosis through toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) and MAPKs signaling pathway. In anti-obesity study, LIF reduced the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. LIF increased the protein phosphorylation expressions such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) related to the lipolysis of the adipocytes. In addition, LIF increased the expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism and brown adipose tissues differentiation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coativator 1α (PGC-1α) and PR domain-containing16 (PRDM16). These results suggest that LIF is involved in lipid accumulation inhibition through expressing the proteins such as lipolysis and differentiation of white adipocytes to brown adipocytes.

• 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.74-74
• /
• 1998

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.291-301
• /
• 2010

This paper consists of two main parts. Firstly, we introduce an evolving binomial process from a binomial stock model and consider various types of limiting behavior of the logarithm of the evolving binomial process. Among others we find that the logarithm of the binomial process converges weakly to a Gaussian process. Secondly, we provide new approaches for proving the limit theorems for an integral process motivated by the evolving binomial process. We provide a new proof for the uniform strong LLN for the integral process. We also provide a simple proof of the functional CLT by using a restriction of Bernstein inequality and a restricted chaining argument. We apply the functional CLT to derive the LIL for the IID random variables from that for Gaussian.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.7-11
• /
• 2012

One dimensional and two dimensional nano patterns were fabricated on a 4-inch substrate by Laser Interference Lithography (LIL). Mach-Zehnder interferometer was setup to obtain the interference patterns and adjusted the pattern sizes with change of incident angle. We could obtain a periodic structure with a period of 440 nm using 266 nm laser, and demonstrated a pattern size with $293{\pm}25nm$ over a 4-inch substrate.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.19 no.9
• /
• pp.323-333
• /
• 2021

Lil Miquela, who appeared on social media in 2016, is one of the most popular virtual influencers. In particular, Miquela is having a great impact on society by continuing to collaborate with many fashion brands through Instagram. As the activity of virtual influencers is emerging today, this study aims to derive the meanings of contemporary fashion through analyzing Miquela's social media case. This study analyzed Miquela's Instagram posts as research subjects. As a result of the above analysis, it was possible to classify the methods and devices for expressing fashion in Miquela's social media into three categories: storytelling, reality, and tags & hyperlinks. In addition, the meanings of fashion could be derived from three aspects: the object of experience, the direction of technology, and the realization of the spirit of the times. After appearing on social media, Miquela, who has gradually expanded her domain, is a virtual fashion influencer who has built her identity through fashion, and is expected to give new meaning to fashion in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.33 no.8
• /
• pp.639-650
• /
• 2023

The levels of harmful components in aerosols from heated tobacco products (HTPs) have been reported to be significantly lower than in cigarette smoke. However, it remains unclear whether the use of HTPs can mitigate the cardiovascular risks associated with cigarette smoking (CS). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a short-term switch from CS to HTP use on cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR). Seven healthy male smokers completed an open-label, randomized, cross-over trial consisting of five days of CS, use of three different HTPs (IQOS use, IQ; lil SOLID use, LS; lil HYBRID use, LH), or non-smoking (NS). Each session was separated by a one-week washout period, and levels of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate variability (HRV) reflecting CAR were assessed before use of the product assigned to each session and at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr after use. Levels of exhaled CO and COHb were statistically significantly reduced only during NS. There were no statistical changes in SBP and DBP within any session. However, in HRV spectral analysis, log-transformed high frequency (lnHF) increased statistically significantly in IQ, LS, and NS, respectively. Normalized HF (HFnu) was significantly increased in NS and LH, respectively. lnHF and HFnu showed significant interaction effects. The findings of this study suggest that a short-term switch to HTPs instead of CS may lead to different distribution patterns of CAR, primarily driven by enhanced cardiac vagal tone.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.92-92
• /
• 2003

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.835-844
• /
• 2007

This paper considers the problem of estimating the error distribution function in nonparametric regression models. Sufficient conditions are given under which the kernel estimator of the error distribution function based on nonparametric residuals satisfies the law of iterated logarithm.