• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.55-77
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• 2011

This study investigate the interaction effects of bundle price discount framing and message framing on consumer's attitude of bundle component. Although each effect of bundle price discount framing and message framing has been explored individually, few attempts have been made to invest them jointly. This study tests the interaction effects of bundle price discount framing and message framing on consumer's evaluation of bundle component. Moreover, this research focuses on consumer's evaluation of individual bundle component while the existing research on bundling primarily focused on consumer's evaluation of the bundle. Prior research suggests that consumers are sensitive to the framing of prices and discounts in the presentation of the bundle offer. For example, there is considerable evidence that partitioning or consolidating the prices of a bundle can influence the attractiveness of the bundle offer. Similarly, there is evidence that an equivalent price reduction to the overall bundle, one of the individual products in the bundle, or distributed among the individual products in the bundle can alter the perceived attractiveness of the offer (e.g. Chakravarti, Krish, Paul, and Srivastava 2002; Hamilton and Srivastava 2008; Janiszewski and Cunha 2004; Johnson, Herrmann and Bauer 1999; ; Morwitz, Greenleaf, and Johnson 1998; Yadav 1994; 1995). In line with these earlier research, this research suggests that the bundle type can influence the consumer's evaluation of bundle component. There are two types of bundle - mixed-leader bundle and mixed-joint bundle. In mixed-leader bundling, the price of one of the two products is discounted when the other product is purchased at the regular price. In mixed-joint bundling, a single price is set when the two product are purchased jointly. This study supposes that the teeth whitening product is the leader product in a mixed-leader bundle. So bundle price discount framing is manipulated such as "Buy the teeth whitening product (regular price \80,000) and get 50% discount on the functional toothpaste(regular price \40,000), special set price \100,000" or "Buy the functional toothpaste and the teeth whitening product as a set and get discount for the set, special set price \60,000". Message framing is manipulated through the product claims described in an advertising bill. The positive framing presents that "Over 95% of users achieved the expected 2-3 shades of improvement in two weeks" where as the negative framing presents "less than 5% of users did not achieve the expected 2-3 shades of improvement in two weeks". This study uses hypothetical brand name of the teeth whitening product and the functional toothpaste This study is based on a 2x2 factorial design with bundle discount framing (mixed-leader bundle vs. mixed-joint bundle) and massage framing (positive vs. negative). The dependant variables are consumer's perceived quality and attitude of the teeth whitening product The data reveals that two dependant variables are correlated, so the data is analyzed with two-way MANOVA. This research explores the significant interaction effect of bundle discount framing and message framing on consumer's perceived quality and attitude of the teeth whitening product. When the message framing is positive, consumer's perceived quality and attitude of the teeth whitening product is higher in mixed-leader bundle than mixed-joint bundle condition. However, when the message framing is negative, consumer's evaluation is higher in mixed-joint bundle than mixed-leader bundle. The author explains this result by stating that consumers are less likely to use heuristics such as price-quality association and value discounting hypothesis(Raghubir 2004) in the negative message framing condition. Additionally, consumer's perceived risk of the teeth whitening product in the negative message framing condition can be more reduced by the bundle partner(e.g. the toothpaste) in mixed-joint bundle than mixed-leader bundle. Based on the results, marketing managers are advised to use different bundle type based on message framing of their product.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2018

In the 2000's, due to a change in hospital management strategy, the organizational structure shifted from a hierarchical system to a team system. While the hierarchical system is characterized by being activity centered, job title linked, and vertically managed, the team system is characterized by being competency centered, job title segregated, and horizontally managed. The job titles of medical technologist manager was surveyed three times in 1997, 2007, and 2017. It has been confirmed through staff members working at 24 hospitals in more than 500 beds in the metropolitan area. The results of job titles follow are as follow: "Team Leader; Part Leader" 14/24 (59%), "Chief Technologist; Area Head Technologist" 7/24 (29%), and "Chief" 3/24 (12%). The present authors propose an alternative name based on the team system to refine the three job titles currently used by medical technologists. First, the Chief Technologist is unclear if it refers to the Technologist General Manager or Technologist Manager. The Chief Technologist should be changed to "Team Leader". Second, given that Area Head Technologist or Section Chief are on the same position as Head Nurse, we suggest that Area Head Technologist or Section Chief should be changed to "Part Leader". Third, while the organization regulation is marked merely as Department of Laboratory Medicine according to the hierarchical system, it is marked as Laboratory Medicine Team according to the team system. Medical technologists come to have more belongingness, feeling of solidarity, and intimacy under the team system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.337-351
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• 2020

This paper aims to figure out an effect of aged sports instructors' emotional intelligence on leader-member exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior and to improve a work environment by developing members' emotional intelligence. To achieve this goal, it handed out a survey to 282 elderly sports instructors from five sports centers and elderly sports centers located in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Chonan in Chungcheongnam-do and collected it from them. After then, it conducted a relationship analysis and multiple regression analysis and showed the following findings. First, it suggested that emotional intelligence of elderly sports instructors significantly affected leader-member exchange (LMX) positively. Next, it turned out that the emotional intelligence had a significant positive influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Last, it found that leader-member exchange (LMX) of the instructors did significantly impact on the organizational citizenship behavior positively. Therefore, as a result, it is very important that the paper demonstrated the emotional intelligence of the aged sports instructors significantly contributed to the advancement of leader-member exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior, and the development of members' emotional intelligence had a positive effect on the effectiveness of organizations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 1999

To improve nut production and timber quality in a plantation, crown shape controls were suggested for Korean white pines (Pinus koraiensis) under age class III through the analyses of the crown shape controls for seed orchard trees in several species, of crown status of controlled and uncontrolled trees in a Korean white pine seed orchard, and of growth characteristics of plantation trees under age class III. For nut production from the small trees less than 8 m, modified leader type can be applied by cutting the central leader and all branches below 1 m and keeping 4~5 nodes with 3~4 whorled branches a node locating 1 m apart. Trees with a 4~8 m long trunk below the first living branch are shaped into trees for nut and timber production, which have a 4~8 m long knotless stem and a modified leader type crown with 4~5 nodes with 3~4 whorled branches a node at a distance of 1 m. Trees, showing the first living branch at or above 9 m from the surface, are pruned severely for timber production and result in a central leader type containing two fifths of the initial crown. It is advisable to remove the leader and the branches when collecting cones or after/during October to take advantage of easy labor and little resin while cutting. After stem cut, branches showing apical dominance are to be cut to control height when necessary. The removal of the uppermost node may be needed to control the crown shape several years after the initial stem-cut.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.49-64
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational virtue and leader member exchange on workplace-incivility by reducing workplace incivility. And second, to examine how incivility in the organization will affect affective commitment. Third, the effect of conscientiousness on the relationship between workplace-incivility and affective commitment in the organization is examined. In this study, 234 domestic workers were surveyed and their hypotheses were verified for empirical study. This study revealed that organizational virtue and leader member exchange had negative effects on workplace-incivility, and organizational incivility also had negative effects on affective commitment. In addition, the relationship between workplace-incivility and affective commitment in the organization showed that the lower the degree of conscientiousness in personality, the stronger the negative effect of workplace-incivility on affective commitment. Therefore, this study suggests that empirical studies show causal relationship between workplace-incivility and affective commitment in the organization. In addition, the moderating effect of conscientiousness on the relationship between workplace-incivility and affective commitment was demonstrated, and it is meaningful that the effect of organizational virtue, leader member exchange relationship and affective commitment is demonstrated empirically.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.177-217
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between Program Satisfaction and the leadership types of who participating in the program of village lifelong education leader. The detail goals of this study are to (1) understand the concepts about the training program of village lifelong education leader. (2) study the theory related to the leadership of village lifelong education leader. (3) examine the relation between program satisfaction and leadership types by personal characteristics. The results of this study are as follows: First, there is the significant difference between the transactional leadership and the exceptive management leadership which is the transactional leadership's sub-type in age. Second, there is the significant difference between the exceptive management leadership which transactional leadership's sub-type and charisma leadership that is transformational leadership's sub-type by participated in or not the lifelong education program before. Third, the average value of the transformational leadership is more higher than the transactional leader's average value. Fourth. the ranking of the transformational leaders' activities are as follows; (1) individual relationship (2) spiritual motivation (3) intelligence stimulus (4) charisma. Fifth, the ranking of the transactional leader's activities are as follows; (1) reward to achievement (2) exceptional management.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.77-89
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• 2020

This study analyzed the effect of Servant Leadership on leader trust and job engagement for the lower-level leader in airline crew occupations with the aim of identifying the possibility of establishing the theoretical framework of Servant Leadership in the service industry. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that the social learning dimension of Servant Leadership has greater influence than the social exchange dimension on the leader trust, while the influence on job engagement is the opposite. The results of this analysis can be interpreted that trying to learn the words and actions of the Servant Leader is more effective in further consolidating the trust of the subordinates in the leader. On the other hand, the Servant Leader's words and actions for social exchange are inferred to have more influence on the job engagement. This study is targeted at air transport services, exposing limitations to the generalization of research results. Throughout leadership research and organizational research, including Servant leadership, further studies applying the social learning theory and social exchange theory presented in this paper are expected to produce theoretical results that will lead to the emergence of a new framework for research analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.311-320
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between the leadership style of badminton life sports leaders and the performance of club members. A total of 600 badminton club members were invited to participate and 593 were selected for this study. For data analysis, mediating effects were verified through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. For result section, first, it was found that training instruction behavior, authoritative behavior, and social behavior, which are sub-factors of the leader leadership type, have a positive effect on performance(p<.05). Second, it was found that training instruction behavior, which is a sub-factor of leader leadership type, had a positive effect on self-efficacy(p<.01), and that authoritarian behavior had a negative effect on self-efficacy(p<.01). Third, the mediating effect of self-efficacy was found indirectly in the relationship between leader leadership and performance(p<.001). Based on these results, it is judged that it will be easier to build a more effective training system if the direction for the leadership and guidance type of life sports is set by reflecting the needs of the participants.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.231-246
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• 2021

The Korean Ministry of Education has emphasized the convergent ability for human resource cultivating the development of science and technology in the future. Based on this, Korean STEAM education aims to enhance students' interest and their understanding of science and technology as well as to develop students' convergence thinking and problem-solving skills. Through the camp for gifted students, students are generally introduced to produce self-directed outputs in order to solve the problem in everyday life. In this study, the author aims to find out whether the gifted high school students' creative leader competency and STEAM literacy changed after they experienced STEAM-based camp. 517 gifted students from 52 high schools in the Metropolitan city region join the camp, which is focused on generating student-centered outputs for problem-solving in daily life context. Before and after the camp, the creative leader competency and the STEAM literacy of participants were tested and compared. From the result, we found that the gifted high school students' creative leader competency and STEAM literacy improved after participating in the STEAM camp. In particular, all the sub-factors except for the social value pursuit domains in the social characteristic area of creative leader competency and the areas of creativity, respect, and communication in STEAM literacy increased. Educational implications will be discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.607-626
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of leader's managerial coaching behavior on employees' innovative behavior and to confirm the mediating effect of entrepreneurship and the moderating effect of LMX(Leader-Member Exchange). Hypotheses were established based on prior research and variety of theories including broaden-build theory and self-efficacy theory. The survey was accessed via the online, 279 employees over 20's or older, who have worked in various domestic organizations were participated. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 were used to verify the reliability and validity of the collected data, and the hypothesis was analyzed by SPSS process macro 3.0. The study found that leader's managerial coaching behavior has positive effects on both employees' entrepreneurship and innovative behavior and that entrepreneurship has mediating effect between leader's managerial coaching behavior and an employees' innovative behavior. The results of this study suggested leader's managerial coaching behavior is a prominent factor in facilitating innovative behavior among employees. Implications include an organizational requirement to develop systems for initiating effective managerial coaching behavior in leadership, and for improvement of both entrepreneurship and LMX among employees.