• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.30-39
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• 2011

There is a problem that some spoken words are not consistent with the written words when Arabic numerals in Korean language are read. Since some rules for reading the Arabic numerals are not clear, the numerals should be read carefully by recognizing the position of the numbers in sentence, the relationship of the numerals with measurement nouns and other writing elements, and context. In view of technical writing, this work is to appreciate some rules for writing Korean numerals in place of Arabic numerals by studying the works regarding numerals, classifiers and measurement nouns.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.9 no.3 s.23
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• pp.243-256
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• 2005

Abacus numerals were developed using the concept of the binary system to form decimal numerals. This would allow addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to be performed based solely on the knowledge of the 14 forms of the numerals and three simple rules. These numerals were taught to 260 elementary school pupils of 3rd and 4th grade. After 90 minutes of instruction, they, nearly all, were able to understand principles to add, and to subtract, and partly to multiply using Abacus Numerals. Protected Abacus Numerals are proposed against forgery. An International Numeration System is proposed based on the form of Abacus Numerals to facilitate international communication. A new type of abacus is proposed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.609-615
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• 1998

In this paper, we propose efficient total recognition system of handwritten and printed numerals for enhancing the classification time. The proposed system consist two step neuroclassifier: Printed numerals classifier and Handwritten numerals classifier. The performance of the propose classifier was tested on 5000 handwritten numerals database of NIST and 100 printed numerals database. In case of handwritten classifier, the overall classification times were 11 second. And in case of proposed system, the overall classification times were reduced by...

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.517-525
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• 1999

In this paper, we propose efficient total recognition system of handwritten and printed numerals for reducing the classification time. The proposed system consists of two-step neuroclassifier : Printed numerals classifier and handwritten numerals classifier. In the proposed scheme, the printed numerals classifier classifies the printed numerals rapidly with single MLP neural network by low-order feature vector and rejects handwritten numerals. The handwritten numerals classifier classifies the handwritten numerals which is rejected in printed numerals classifier with modularized cluster neural network by complex feature vector. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method,handwritten numerals database of NIST and printed numerals database which include various fonts are used in the experiments. In case of using the proposed classifier, the overall classification time was reduced by 49.1% - 65.5% in comparison of the existent handwritten classifier.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1119-1122
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• 2005

This paper describes the implementation methods of the MLP (mulilayer perteptrons) recognizers for numerals and non-nummerals. The MLP has known to be a very efficient classifier to recognize handwritten numerals in terms of recognition accuracy, speed, and memory requirements. The MLP in the previous researches, however, focuses on the only numeral inputs and does not pay attention to non-numeral inputs with respect to recognition accuracy, rejection rates, and other characteristics. In this paper, we present some implementation methods of the MLP in the environments that numeral and non-numerals are mixed. The MLP had been developed by three methods, and investigated with three error types introduced. The experiments had been conducted on a total of about 63,000 numerals and non-numerals. The promising method to recognize numeral and non-numerals is described in terms of the three error types.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.563-574
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• 2000

Recognition of numeral fields is a very important task for many document automation applications. Conventional methods are based on the two-steps process, segmentation of touching numerals and recognition of the individual numerals. However, due to a large variation of touching types this approach has not produced a robust result. In this paper, we present a new segmentation-free method for recognizing the two touching numerals. In this approach, two touching numerals are regarded as a single pattern coming from 100 classes ('00', '01', '02', ..., '98', '99'). For the test set, we manually extract two touching numerals from the data set of NIST numeral fields. Due to the limitation of conventional neural network in case of large-set classification, we use a modular neural network and Drove its superiority through recognition experimen.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2010

The purpose of this article is to study students' responses to non-routine problems which are presented by using solely numerals or symbolic figures. Such figures have no mathematical meaning but just symbolical meaning. Most students understand geometric figures more concrete objects than numerals because geometric figures such as circles and squares can be visualized by the manipulatives in real life. And since students need not consider (unvisible) any operational structure of numerals when they deal with (visible) figures, problems proposed using figures are considered relatively easier to them than those proposed using numerals. Under this assumption, we analyze students' problem solving processes of numeral problems and figural problems, and then find out when students' difficulties arise in the problem solving process and how they response when they feel difficulties. From this experiment, we will suggest several comments which would be considered in the development and application of both numerical and figural problems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.32B no.10
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• pp.1347-1357
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• 1995

In this paper, we describe a modularized neuroclassifier for enhancing the recognition accuracy of mixed printed and handwritten numerals. This classifier combines four modularized subclassifiers using multi-layer perceptron module. The input of each subclassifier is comprised of a group of specialized feature sets. On applying this method to combining several subclassifiers for unconstrained handwritten numerals, the experimental result shows that the performance of individual subclassifier can be improved. In winner-take-all voting method, the result of subclassifier having the highest RF value is selected as the output. The generality of this classifier is tested with 1,080 printed and 3,000 handwritten numerals that was not shown in training the neural networks. Experimental results show 98.2% recognition rate. The typical recognition test with a threshold value(RF=1.5) has shown 97% recognition, 1% substitution and 2% rejection rates.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

Natural language processing is necessary in order to efficiently perform filtering tremendous information produced in information retrieval of world wide web. This paper suggested an algorithm for meaning of numerals in the text. The algorithm for meaning of numerals utilized context-free grammars with the chart parsing technique, interpreted affixes connected with the numerals and was designed to disambiguate their meanings systematically supported by the n-gram based words. And the algorithm was designed to use POS (part-of-speech) taggers, to automatically recognize restriction conditions of trigram words, and to gradually disambiguate the meaning of the numerals. This research performed experiment for the suggested system of the numeral interpretation. The result showed that the frequency-proportional method recognized the numerals with 86.3% accuracy and the condition-proportional method with 82.8% accuracy.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-27
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• 1985

Islam toot a great interest in the utility sciences such as mathematics and astronomy as it needed them for the religious reasons. It needeed geometry to determine the direction toward Mecca, its holiest place: arithmetic and algebra to settle the dates of the festivals and to calculate the accounts lot the inheritance; astronomy to settle the dates of Ramadan and other festivals. Islam expanded and developed mathematics and sciences which it needed at first for the religious reasons to the benefit of all mankind. This thesis focuses upon the golden age of Islamic culture between 7th to 13th century, the age in which Islam came to possess the spirit of discovery and learning that opened the Islamic Renaissance and provided, in turn, Europeans with the setting for the Renaissance in 14th century. While Europe was still in the midst of the dark age of the feudal society based upon the agricultural economy and its mathematics was barey alive with the efforts of a few scholars in churches, the. Arabs played the important role of bridge between civilizations of the ancient and modern times. In the history of mathematics, the Arabian mathematics formed the orthodox, not collateral, school uniting into one the Indo-Arab and the Greco-Arab mathematics. The Islam scholars made a great contribution toward the development of civilization with their advanced the development of civilization with their advanced knowledge of algebra, arithmetic and trigonometry. the Islam mathematicians demonstrated the value of numerals by using arithmetic in the every day life. They replaced the cumbersome Roman numerals with the convenient Arabic numerals. They used Algebraic methods to solve the geometric problems and vice versa. They proved the correlation between these two branches of mathematics and established the foundation of analytic geometry. This thesis examines the historical background against which Islam united and developed the Indian and Greek mathematics; the reason why the Arabic numerals replaced the Roman numerals in the whole world: and the influence of the Arabic mathematics upon the development of the modern mathematics.