• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.604-609
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• 2003

In order to investigate the transfer rate of calcium into rice and the effect of soaking conditions-temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 and $60^{\circ}C$, $X_1$), calcium concentration of soaking solution (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/L, $X_2$) and soaking time (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min, $X_3$), moisture absorption rate, hardness and calcium content of rice after soaking were analyzed. When the soaking temperature and time were increased the moisture absorption rate also increased (p<0.01). Quadratic and interaction effects on the moisture absorption rate among variables were highly significant, within 5%. The predictive model for moisture absorption rate $(Y_1)$ was as follows: $Y=16.14+0.78X_1+1.24X_3-0.23X_1{^2}+0.14X_2{^2}-0.42X_3X_1-0.38X_3{^2}\;(R^2=0.9123)$. Hardness was decreased as soaking time and temperature increased. Calcium contents of soaked rice increased as temperature, the calcium concentration of soaking solution and soaking time were increased (p<0.01). Also the interactive effect between soaking time and calcium concentration of soaking solution was high. The predictive model for calcium content $(Y_3)$ was as follows: $Y_3=470.80+110.87X_1+123.47X_2+52.29X_3-7.42X_1{^2}-14.87X_2{^2}-9.49X_3X_2-20.57X_3{^2}\;(R^2=0.9840)$. From the results in this study, if adults and children take 400 g of calcium enriched rice with 600 mg/kg and $700{\sim}900\;mg/kg$, respectively, they can expect to take more calcium than the recommended intake without other calcium reinforcing agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.683-693
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• 2009

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dandelion juice supplementation on attenuation of oxidative stress and hangover after drinking alcohol in healthy college male students. This human trial was conducted by two phase cross over design with two weeks wash out period. The subjects (age $24{\sim}28$ years) were volunteers who had more than 72 g of ethanol drinking capacity. Dandelion group was given dandelion juice 220 mL daily for 7 days. Biochemical markers were determined in blood samples taken at 0 and 150 minutes after administration 72 g of alcohol. The levels of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin, the indicators of liver cell damage, were not significantly different between groups. No significant differences in lymphocyte DNA damage level between groups was observed. However, plasma acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly (p<0.01) increased in dandelion supplemented group compared to that of control group. Furthermore, activities and protein expressions of glutathione-reductase and catalase of erythrocytes were significantly elevated in dandelion supplemented group compared to that of control group. From the above results, it is concluded that dandelion juice supplementation can reduce oxidative stress and hangover syndrome through the elevation of ALDH and antioxidative enzyme system in healthy male adults.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2009

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness among adults in the western countries. Hyperglycemia is a condition, that induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of cell types in diabetes, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the study is to understand the effects of high Glucose on Human Retinal Endothelial Cells. Retinal endothelial cells were cultured in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) containing 5, 25 and 50 mM Glucose, incubated for 24, 36 and 48 hours in humidified 5 % CO$_2$ incubator at 37$^{\circ}C$. Human Retinal Endothelial Cell Line (HREC) were characterized for morphology with different treatment by phase contrast microscopic analysis. Number of dead and viable cells was counted by trypan blue exclusion and supported by MTT assay. The intracellular Hydrogen peroxide (H$_2$O$_2$), a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in high glucose conditions was assessed by FOX II assay and apoptosis by caspase-3 assay. The high glucose treated cells undergoing DNA fragmentation was witnessed by Agarose gel electrophoresis. We found that the cells incubated with 25 and 50 mM glucose containing medium for 48 hours altered the morphology of the cell, induced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. The dead cell number were high in 25 and 50 mM when compared to the cells incubated with 5 mM glucose for 24, 36, and 48 hours. Also, the H$_2$O$_2$ levels and the activity of caspase-3 were increased in high glucose treated cells. Conclusions/interpretation: Our results demonstrated that elevated glucose induces apoptosis in cultured HREC. The hyperglycemia-induced increase in apoptosis may be dependent on caspase activation. The association between ROS generation and caspase-3 activation on high glucose treated cells is yet to be investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.100-108
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• 2016

The climatic index for tourism(CIT) has recently been advanced, which includes complete human energy balance models such as physiological equivalent temperature(PET) and universal thermal climate index(UTCI). This study investigated human thermal sensation and comfort at Woljung-ri Beach, Jeju, Republic of Korea, in spring and summer 2015 for landscape planning and design in beach areas. Microclimatic data measurements and human thermal sensation/comfort surveys from ISO 10551 were conducted together. There were 869 adults that participated. As a result, perceptual and thermal preference that consider only physiological aspects had high coefficients of determination($r^2$) with PET in linear regression analyses: 92.8% and 87.6%, respectively. However, affective evaluation, personal acceptability and personal tolerance, which consider both physiological and psychological aspects, had low $r^2s$: 60.0%, 21.1% and 46.4%, respectively. However, the correlations between them and PET were all significant at the 0.01 level. The neutral PET range in perceptual for human thermal sensation was $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, but a PET range less or equal to 20% dissatisfaction, which was recommended by ASHRAE Standard 55, could not be achieved in perceptual. Only PET ranges in affective evaluation and personal tolerance affected by both aspects were qualified for the recommendation as $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ and $17{\sim}37^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, the PET range of $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ is recommended to be used for the human thermal comfort zone of beach areas in landscape planning and design as well as tourism and recreational planning. PET heat stress level ranges on the beach were $2{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ higher than those in inland urban areas of the Republic of Korea. Also, they were similar to high results of tropical areas such as Taiwan and Nigeria, and higher than those of western and middle Europe and Tel Aviv, Israel.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 2005

The cervical spine of anteroposterior oblique view is essential to observe the intervertebral foramen(IVF). The morphologic changes of IVFs were proved to be abnormal with nerve roots and peripheral structures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effective projection angle for observing the IVFs in the Korean adults. In a prospective clinical study of 100 normal persons, $45^{\circ}$, $50^{\circ}$ and $55^{\circ}$ oblique views were compared by measuring the maximal transverse diameter of all the cervical IVFs. $45^{\circ}$ oblique views provided slightly better visualization of upper cervical level(C2-C3, C3-C4, C4-C5), but the lower cervical level(C5-C6, C6-C7, C7-T1) of IVF transverse diameters were substantially increased on the $55^{\circ}$ AP oblique projection. In the comprasion of mean differences between 8 obese person(BMI > 25) and 58 normal person(18.5 < BMI < 22.9) proved to be statistically not significant. Consequently this study shows that $55^{\circ}$AP oblique(tube angle $15^{\circ}$cephalad) view is optimal for evaluating the lower cervical IVFs.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.42
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• pp.393-422
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• 2015

The school is committed to the role of public education for the effective development of student academic achievement and intellectual ability. It is also a space to expand the range of care and understanding for others with as a member of the academic community as well. However, the reality of our country schooling has been pointed out that if a lot about the lack of character education related to the attitude of life care for others and feel a sense of responsibility. An individual is not necessarily emotional intelligence There are side out, as well as grow into adults, schools are obliged to teach a variety of methods associated with it. Nevertheless, education is not of the country beyond the formal excessive administrative work or other activities due to the process of character education to neglect, including the work of teachers. Therefore, students brought the expansion of the act that should not, and eventually lead to serious social issues that directly harm others, such as school violence. Therefore, students brought the expansion of the act that should not, and eventually lead to serious social issues that directly harm others, such as school violence. This study is based on an act of juvenile delinquency and criminology education was to refine the concept of toughness and validate the relationship between school violence through empirical research. Accordingly, from July 1, 2013 September 31, 2013 to 277 high schools across the country are attending the third year of the schools available for non-response and analysis of the students who participated in the admission and simulated typical presentation of K University in Gyeonggi-do not judge students in the final analysis, except for the data and data from a total of 1045 patients were utilized. As a result, many schools have experienced violence, male student work can be applied to a lot of rock school violence was experienced. Also, a lot of experience can be applied to a healthy student rock school violence, anger-control and empathy, this is considered a low student showed consciousness experienced school violence exerted.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 1991

To investigate the period prevalence rate and therapeutic practic for low back pain (LBP) in the adult population of rural area, a personal interview was conducted for 2.024 persons or 20-59 years old in Seohu Myon, Andong County, Kyungpook Province between 1st and 20th of April, 1991. The period prevalence rate (l February 1990-31 January 1991) of LBP for 1,106 adults who were interviewed was $47.9\%$. The age adjusted period prevalence rate for males was $43.7\%$ and that for females was $52.3\%$ and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.005). Clinical course of th LBP was acute in $14.1\%$ of males and $9.0\%$ of females, recurrent in $57.0\%$ and $55.2\%$, and chronic in $28.9\%$ and $35.8\%$, respectively. Common causes of the LBP were insidious on set with aging without known cause$(48.1\%)$, heavy work $(15.1\%)$, and trauma $(11.3\%)$. Due to LBP $12.5\%$ of the patients were not able to stand or walk for more than an hour and $2.5\%$ were bed-ridden or unable to carry out daily routine. To have the LBP diagnosed $10.2\%$ of the patients utilized a oriental medical clinic or hospital, $31.3\%$ visited a clinic or hospital, and $56.6\%$ hat not utilized any medical facility. Main reason for not having the LBP diagnosed was that the LBP was tolerable. The most popular therapeutic method that the LBP patients chose at the first was drug and physical therapy. Herb medicine was most commonly used when the first therapeutic method was not effective and the acupuncture was the most popular choice of therapy when the second therapeutic method failed. Folk medicine was utilized in $15.5\%$ of the LBP patients and it included 36 regimens such as tincture of motherwort (Leonurus sibiricus), boiled chicken with liquor, etc. It was revealed by this survey that the LBP is a serious health problem in the rural area and many of the LBP patients do not utilize a clinic or hospital but take non-scientific folk remedy. To prevent the economic waste and side effects of the folk remedy, public health education is needed for tile rational therapy of LBP.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2013

This study investigated the frequency, amount and consumption patterns of 50 potentially hazardous foods (PHF) along with consumers' risk perceptions towards PHF in Korea. A quantitative survey was performed from May through August by trained interviewers, surveying 1,000 adults aged over 18 who were randomly selected from six major provinces in Korea. Consumers perceived seafood, including shellfish, mussel, sashimi and sushi, as the top foods with the highest risk, followed by raw sliced beef. The food with the highest frequency intake per month was leafy vegetables, which is used to wrap other foods, followed by blanched vegetables, fried chicken, etc. The group of middle aged individuals with economic stability had the highest frequency intake of sashimi and sushi. Respondents living in small regions consume greater PHF portions at once. Food safety education with regard to the risk of PHF is essential for consumers, with high frequent intake of PHF.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.106-110
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• 2014

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH) is known to be related to nocturnal blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension according to the apnea-hypopnea grading. A total of 2,210 adults with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea were referred to our sleep center from July 2009 to May 2013. Clinical blood pressure (BP) was measured before sleeping (bedtime BP) and immediately after waking up in the next morning (morning BP). Subjects were classified into four groups based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from PSG as follows: control group (n=470) simple snoring and with AHI<5; mild group (n=577) with $AHI{\geq}5$ and <15; moderate group (n=508) $AHI{\geq}15$ and <30; and severe group (n=655) with $AHI{\geq}30$. The differences and correlations between BP and PSG parameters according to the AHI groups were analyzed. Patient's were classified as nomentensive (blood pressure <120/90 mmHg, n=700), prehypertensive (blood pressure < $140-120{\leq}mmHg$, n=1297) hypertensive (blood pressure ${\geq}140/90mmHg$, n=214) according to the office blood pressure measurements. The comparison of sleep parameters showed that OSA groups had a significantly higher stage N1 (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $66.4{\pm}30.7$ vs. $85.5{\pm}36.6$, $128.4{\pm}57.3$, p<0.001) and total arousal number (control vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $110.7{\pm}47.7$ vs. $150.8{\pm}56.6$, $236.6{\pm}95.8$, p<0.001) compared to control group. The comparison of sleep parameters showed that OSA groups had a significantly lower stage N2 (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $172.6{\pm}47.2$ vs. $150.7{\pm}50.5$, $120.3{\pm}57.4$, p<0.001), stage N3 (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $38.4{\pm}33.4$ vs. $27.4{\pm}26.0$, $56.1{\pm}27.5$, p<0.001), REM (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $64.3{\pm}25.5$ vs. $56.1{\pm}27.5$, $47.3{\pm}25.9$, p<0.001) and mean SaO2% (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $90.0{\pm}3.5$ vs. $82.5{\pm}5.5$, $70.0{\pm}8.8$, p<0.001) compared to control group. The Apnea-hypopnea index was significantly higher in OSA groups, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure than in the nomentensive group (bed time systolic pressure vs. AHI; <120 vs. 120-139, 140-159, >159; $17.5{\pm}18.6$ vs. $24.9{\pm}21.0$, $31.0{\pm}25.7$, $42.3{\pm}31.7$, p<0.001), (bed time diastolic pressure vs. AHI; 60-79 vs. 80-89, 90-99, >99; $19.3{\pm}19.7$ vs. $22.4{\pm}20.3$, $29.8{\pm}23.3$, $38.8{\pm}28.5$, p<0.001). AHI was positively correlated with morning systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, bed time systolic pressure and diastolic pressure (r=0.314, 0.279, 0.233 and 0.200, respectively, p<0.001). We conclude that BMI, Age, neck circumference and AHI increase with the blood pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to demonstrate changes in the orientation ortho glenohumeral ligaments(GHL) in different degrees of abduction and rotation of the normal healthy individuals. Materials and Methods : Saline Magnetic Resonance(MR) arthrography of nine consecutive shoulders of normal healthy adults were checked. At that time, MR images were obtained in three different positions of abduction and external rotation($0^{\circ}C\;and\;0^{\circ},\;45^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C,\;90^{\circ}$ and maximum, respectively). From a series of consecutive MRI, three-dimensional images were reconstructed after detecting the location of the middle glenohumeral ligament(MGHL) and the inferior glenohumeral ligament(IGHL) using workstation computer. Results : The shape of the MGHL was taken in double curved, and straight, and finally curved again in three different positions of the shoulder in sequence. On the other hand, the shape of the IGHL was obliquely positioned, and curvilinear, and finally straight and extended at lower part of the anterior surface of the humeral head. Conclusions : At $45^{\circ}$ of abduction and $25^{\circ}$ of external rotation, and at $90^{\circ}$ of abduction and maximal external rotation of the shoulder, the MGHL and the IGHL had the role of the most important static stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint repectively.