• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1649-1657
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the body mass index (BMI), dietary intake attitudes, and nutrient intake status according to sugar-containing food intake frequency of 409 college students in Gyeonggi-do. Subjects were categorized into three groups according to sugar-containing food intake frequency: rare intake group (n=113), average intake group (n=195), and frequent intake group (n=101). The average height and weight (P<0.001) of each group were $163.8{\pm}0.11cm$ and $52.9{\pm}8.6kg$, $164.4{\pm}0.1cm$ and $56.2{\pm}6.4kg$, and $167.9{\pm}0.1cm$ and $68.0{\pm}15.7kg$, respectively. The average BMIs of the groups were $19.6{\pm}2.3$, $20.7{\pm}0.8$, and $24.0{\pm}2.7$, respectively (P<0.001). Dietary intake attitude scores of the groups were $30.73{\pm}5.68$, $30.11{\pm}5.51$, and $28.00{\pm}5.31$, respectively (P<0.001). As a result of nutrient intake status, daily averages of energy and carbohydrate intake of the frequent intake group were significantly higher than those of the rare intake group (P<0.05). On the other hand, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, and vitamin C intakes of the rare intake group were significantly higher than those of the frequent intake group (P<0.05). Using multiple regression analysis, we found that BMI was the most significant variable affecting sugar-containing food intake. Therefore, nutrition education is necessary to improve nutrient intake while considering sugar intake for maintenance of healthy weight.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sowing time on the bio-active content of major soybean cultivars in a southern region of South Korea. Experiments were carried out in Naju, Jeonnam Province (latitude $35^{\circ}$ 04'N, longitude $126^{\circ}$ 54'E) from 2008 to 2010. The cultivars grown in summer included Saeol-kong and Tawon-kong and those grown in autumn included Taekwang-kong, Pungsannamul-kong, and Cheongja3, respectively. Sowing dates were May 15 and 30, June 15 and 30, and July 15 of each year. Daidzein content was increased in all the test cultivars grown from later sowing, and the contents of genistein and total isoflavone were increased in all the test cultivars except for Cheongja3. On the other hand, glycitein content showed no significant change in any of the test cultivars across the 5 sowing dates except for Tawon-kong. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) content was significantly increased in Tawon-kong and Cheongja3, and delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G) and total anthocyanin contents were significantly increased in Tawon-kong. However, pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Pg3G) and petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G) contents showed no significant difference in plants sown across the 5 dates. Lutein content in Cheongja3 was between 2.7 and $3.0{\mu}g/g$ based on sowing date and did not vary significantly, while chlorophyll content increased with later sowing and was significantly higher in the cultivars sown on June 30 and July 15. Crude fat content was higher in Taekwang-kong and Cheongja3 when the cultivars were sown earlier; crude fat did not vary in the other test cultivars based on sowing date. Palmitic acid composition was not affected by sowing date in most of the test cultivars. Stearic acid was increased in Saeol-kong, Tawon-kong, and Cheongja3 with later sowing. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were significantly higher in Saeol-kong at an earlier sowing date. The composition of linolenic acid showed significantly increased dates in most of the test cultivars with later sowing. There were no significant differences in carbohydrate and crude protein content across 5 different sowing dates in most of the test cultivars. However, crude protein content was higher in Saeol-kong when sowing occurred earlier, and was higher in Tawon-kong at later sowing dates.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.445-456
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• 2009

Colostrum samples were collected from 36 dairy farms in Gyeonggi-do and one dairy farm in the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) for testing. Colostrum samples were analyzed for phisycochemicals (specific gravity, pH, titratable acidity), general components (fat, protein, lactose, total solid, solid non-fat (SNF)), fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, microflora, somatic cells, and Ig (Immunoglobulin). The first colostrum revealed the following data: fat contents were $6.16{\pm}2.39%$, proteins were $14.78{\pm}4.30%$, lactose $2.57{\pm}0.77%$, total solid $24.28{\pm}4.36%$, and SNF $18.12{\pm}4.08%$, whereas the 2nd (or $12^{th}$) colostrum revealed $5.56{\pm}1.76%$ fat, $3.46{\pm}0.41%$ proteins, $4.19{\pm}0.43%$ lactose, $13.90{\pm}1.76%$ total solid, and $8.34{\pm}0.81%$ SNF. Also, the first colostrum revealed the contents of major amino acids as 0.89% aspartic acid, 0.71% threonine, 0.86% serine, 1.75% glutamic acid, 0.64% valine, 0.95% leucine, 0.83% lysine, and 0.95% proline, and those in the 10th colostrum were 0.25% aspartic acid, 0.15% threonine, 0.19% serine, 0.59% glutamic acid, 0.19% valine, 0.35% leucine, 0.31% lysine, and 0.34% proine. Major amino acid contents rapidly decreased as milking times increased. In the first colostrum, the following mineral contents were observed: there were 2,168 ppm in Ca, 1,959 ppm in P, 914 ppm in K, 761 ppm in Na, 287 ppm in Mg, 1.7 ppm in Fe, 14.3 ppm in Zn, and 1.0 ppm in Cu; while in the 10th colostrum, the following ppm contents were 1,389 in Ca, 1,323 in P, 838 in K, 427 in Na, 131 in Mg, 1.0 in Fe, 4.7 in Zn, and 1.3 in Cu. The mineral contents in a colostrum rapidly decreased as milking times increased.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.218-225
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• 1992

This experiment was carried out to compare the varietal differences of winter hardiness based on the values of winter hardiness index(W1) and the dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rate (DWIRTAR), and the evaluate the method of measurements for winter hardiness in 17 orchardgrass varieties grown under mountainous area of Tackwalyon, Kangwon-do. Korea. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Seedling vigours(SV) of plant before wintering indicated highly significant negative correlation with the dry weight of 1st cutting(DW) and the dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rates (DWIRTAR). 2. The dry weight of 1st cutting(DW) indicated significant positive correlations with the number of tillers per plant(NT). dry weight of a tiller(WT), lield survival rate(SR). heading rate(HR) and the dry weight of heading tillers(HDW). 3. Correlation coefficients of the dry weight of 1st cutting(DW) with winter hardiness index(W1) was 0.499(p<0.05), and the dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rates(DW/RTAR) was 0.895(p<0.001), respectively. 4. Between the winter hardiness index(W1) and field survival rate(SR) showed highly significant positive correlation(p<0.001). And, the dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rates(DW/RTAR) showed highly significant positive correlation(p<0.001) with the dry weight of a tiller(WT) and the dry weight of heading tillers(HDW). 5. The varieties were classified into 2 groups by winter hardiness index(W1). The 13 varieties of Hallmark. lna, Rancho, Amba, Filippa, Sparta, Hokuto, Kitamidori, Okamidori, Wasemidori, Shinyo, Potomac and Summer-green belong to the group of W1)100, and 4 varieties of Able, Juno, Napier and Jesper belong to the group of WI(100, respectively. 6. And, also classified into 2 groups by the dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rates (DWIRTAR). The 4 varieties of Amba, Okamidori, Wasemidori and Summer-green belong to the group of DW1RTAR)l.O and 13 varieties of Able, Hallmark, Ina, Juno, Napier, Rancho, Filippa. Jesper, Sparta, Hokuto, Kitamidori, Shinyo and Potomac belong to the group of DW/RTAR(1.0, respectively. The variety with DW/RTAR)I.O is belong to the group of high potential winter hardiness, and also obtained a high values over the 100 of winter hardiness index(W1). 7. The dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rates(DW/RTAR) may be a very useful ecological character to evaluate the potential winter hardiness of orchardgrass varieties grown under mountainous area of Taekwalyon(altitudinal ranges about 800m).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.564-578
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• 1998

Most extended care facilities have admitted both the healthy and unhealthy elderly, among which members' average caring demand vary. The Aged Welfare Law, however, currently provides no reasonable basis on the staffing policy for extended care facilities. It just reflects the admitted number of the elderly rather than differences in members' average caring demand among facilities. This study is designed to estimate the need for caring staff on the basis of the correlation between the individual health status measured by various tools including Activities of Daily Living and caring demand by actual service time for each one. The sample included all of the admitted elderly(187 persons) in 4 extended care facilities, two in Seoul and the other two in Kangwon-Do over the survey period October 5 through October 20, 1996. The survey process consisted of 3 stages. (1) The current staffing information was collected through self-completed written questionnaires left for head of official in each facility. (2) Six graduate students at School of Public Health interviewed all residents to collect information on their health status and sociodemographics. The response rate for the interview was relatively high(85%). (3) Information on direct and indirect caring time consumed for each residents came from self-completed written questionnaires given to nurses and helpers in each target facilities. Analysis of the data was made using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression technique through SAS program. Based on this procedure, the following was found. 1. No facility meet the staffing standard in the Aged Welfare Law completely. 2. It is actual service time that is most correlated with ADL(Activities of daily living). 3. When all of the elderly are divided by four groups based on the level of ADL, the mean values of needed caring time in each group are 15, 21, 36 and 88 minutes respectively. 4. There is no significant difference among facilities in distribution of elderly person by group. 5. No facility meets the estimated number of nurses and helpers which reflects health status of the admitted elderly. Therefore, it is required that severity of the admitted elderly be considered in establishing staffing standard for extended care facility.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

This study was conducted for investigation of habitat and development of indoor-rearing conditions of peacock butterfly, Inachis io (Linnaeus). Three different region, Mt. Kwangduk-san, Mt. Hae-san and Mt. Taebaek-san in Kangwon-do, was selected for investigation of domestic distribution and ecological environment of peacock butterfly. In result, there are many butterflies in the only two region, Mt. Kwangduk-san and Mt. Hae-san. On 16th April, 4 overwintered butterflies were observed in Mt. Hae-san. At the end of June and early in July, 51 individual next generation's butterflies were observed in Mt. Kwangduk-san and Mt. Hae-san. For development of indoor-rearing conditions, collected each 15 male and female peacock butterflies was reared in a room condition. Female butterflies laid eggs in the egg cluster on the underside of host-plant's leaves, Urtica angustifolia Fisch., in the ovipositioning room. We took 11 egg cluster with average $404.6{\pm}23.6$ eggs. Hatchablity of eggs was 92.3%, and the eggs hatched within $5.1{\pm}0.9$ days from the day of oviposition under high temperature, long day condition($25^{\circ}C$, 14L:10D). The larval period was $18.3{\pm}1.0$ days under high temperature, long day condition($25^{\circ}C$, 14L:10D), showing 81.0% pupal ratio. The head width of each developmental larval stage were $0.37{\pm}0.01mm$(1st instar), $0.66{\pm}0.02mm$(2nd instar), $1.07{\pm}0.05mm$(3rd instar), $1.81{\pm}0.07$(4th instar), $2.76{\pm}0.08$(5th instar). The pupal period was $8.4{\pm}0.6$ days, and the emergence rate was 87.5%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.503-510
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• 2012

Microwave radar can penetrate cloud cover regardless of weather conditions and can be used day and night. Especially a A ground-based polarimetric scatterometer operating at multiple frequencies can continuously monitor the crop conditions. We analyzed scattering characteristics of rice and soybean using pauli decomposition method. Surface scattering (${\alpha}$) is the dominant component over the entire stages for all bands and pauli decomposition value was the highest for L-band. Double bounce scattering (${\beta}$) and volume scattering (${\gamma}$) were approximately equal for C-band and volume scattering was higher than double bounce scattering for X-band in rice field. In soybean, double bounce scattering becomes higher than volume scattering during the R2 stage (DOY 224) and there was a significant difference between the two components after the R4 stage (DOY 242) for L-band. The maximum growth stage of soybean can also be detected using L-band double bounce scattering. The peak of double bounce effect coincides with the peak of growth biophysical variables on DOY 271. We found that pauli decomposition can provide insight on the relative magnitude of different scattering mechanisms during the rice and soybean growth cycle.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate microbial contamination levels of Korea traditional rice cakes such as Sirutteok, Garaetteok and Gyeongdan in the manufacturing process and environment. The microbial contamination levels such as total aerobic bacteria, fungi, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens of rice cake products were analyzed. The contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi and B. cereus in raw materials were in the range of 2.4~4.5, ND~1.9, 1.2~2.1 and 1.0~2.1 log CFU/g, respectively. The microbial contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi and B. cereus in manufacturing process of rice cakes were increased in the soaking and grinding steps and were decreased in steaming step. E. coli, S. aureus and C. perfringens were not detected in any manufacturing process and environment. The microbial contamination levels of raw materials and final products of rice cake were suitable for microbial safety standard in Korea. However, the manufacturing environment such as equipments and employee's sanitation were in trouble for microbial safety. The results of this study suggest that safety educatio n for personal hygiene and safetymanagement in processing environment are continuously required to assure safety in working environment and employee's individual hygiene.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1102-1110
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• 2008

This research was performed to analyze the characteristics of wood wastes from origin and to suggest grade-classification for them. Korean proximate analysis was conducted, and heating value, heavy metals and Cl concentrations were analyzed for gradeclassification. Wood wastes were sampled from forest, living, construction and demolition, and industrial areas with origin. Moisture content of most wood wastes was ranged in 5$\sim$10%. VS (volatile solids) and ash contents of them showed > 95% and < 5%, respectively. Most wood wastes except wood for growing mushroom permitted the standard (low heating value $\geq$ 3,500 kcal/kg) for refusederived fuel. CCA (Cr, Cu, As) concentration of wood wastes used in bench, wasted fishing boat, and railroad crosstie was higher than that of the other ones. Cl content showed approximately 1.3% in wood box for fish and $\leq$ 0.2% in the other wood wastes. Cl content of all wood wasted used in this research permitted the standard (Cl $\leq$ 0.2%, dry weight basis) for refuse-derived fuel. If the wood wastes were classified in 3-grade, plywoods would be in 2nd grade, and MDF (medium density fiber), wooden bench, painted electric wire drum, wasted fishing boat, and railroad crosstie be in 3rd grade.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2008

Numerous morphological studies on N. samarangae have been well conducted over the last ten years. In this context, we have attemtped to do molecular phylogenetic analysis by using metallothionein (MT) gene from N. samarangae. To this end, we cloned the full length cDNA of MT from cDNA library of N. samarangae. The complete cDNA sequences were obtained from the expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing project of N. samarangae, The coding region of 195 bp gives an amino acid sequence of 65 residues including methionine. There are 5' (61 bp) and 3' (48 bp) untranslated region at both ends of the Ns-MT cDNA sequence. The combined results from BLAST analyses, multiple sequence alignment and molecular phylogenetic study of Ns-MT cDNA indicate that N. samarangae has similarity to land snails such as Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa and Arianta arbustorum.