• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.234-236
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• 2016

A 14 kg, 9-year-old, spayed female, Cocker Spaniel was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University with a history of head tilt and circling. Otitis externa and media were diagnosed by computerized tomography, and total ear canal ablation was performed. In preanesthetic evaluation, systemic hypertension and second-degree atrioventricular block were observed, but there was no regurgitation through the heart valves. Systemic hypertension was managed with amlodipine (0.1 mg/kg, PO, BID) for the anesthesia. The dog was premedicated with cefazolin (22 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (2 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane and 100% oxygen following intubation. During surgery, vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure and body temperature) were maintained within normal ranges, but bradycardia was observed and corrected with glycopyrrolate (5 ug/kg IV, twice). During subcuticular suture, electrohemostasis was applied at the incision line, which was close to the trigeminal nerve. In no time at all, heart rate dramatically decreased from 110 to 60 beats per minute. No additional treatment was done because mean blood pressure was maintained above 70 mmHg. The heart rate recovered according to the decrease of end tidal isoflurane concentration and there were no complications associated with the anesthesia and surgery. Sudden bradycardia after electrical stimulation around the trigeminal nerve was considered as trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). It is recommended to be careful of bradycardia from TCR when electrocautery is used in the craniofacial area during surgery.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.309-313
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• 2005

This study was performed to assess the efficacy of surgical treatment with flexible alligator forceps (FAF) on heartworm infected dogs. Twenty dogs (10 males and 10 females) with heartworm infection, age $5.3\pm3.0\;(mean{\pm}S.D.)$ years and weight $9.3\pm6.5(mean{\pm}S.D.)kg$ were treated with FAF. Adult heartworms were removed by fluoroguided technique with FAF under inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane. For evaluation of the efficacy, removal rate and surgical time were measured, and removal sites were found. Antigen ELISA kit test and autopsy were performed to examine remained adult heartworms. Removal rate of total heartworms was $91.4\%$ including 15 complete retrieval cases and surgical time was $30.0\pm7.6(mean{\pm}S.E.)$ minutes. Heartworms were removed from the right ventricle, main pulmonary artery, and right and left pulmonary artery. Surgical treatment with FAF is an effective method with high removal rate, short surgical time, and various removal sites and it could be considered for the removal of adult heartworms in a dog.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and age by using dynamic computed tomography (CT) and Patlak plot analysis in dogs. Fifteen dogs were used in this study. CT-GFR study was performed under general anesthesia using propofol and isoflurane. 1 ml/kg dosage of 300 mgI/ml iohexol was administered at a rate of 3 ml/s during GFR measurement. CT-GFR was determined with a single-slice dynamic acquisition and Patlak plot analysis. The individual and global GFR values were calculated to plasma clearance per body weight (ml/min/kg). Bodyweight ($mean{\pm}SD$) ranged from 2.0 to 5.7 kg ($3.31{\pm}1.13$ kg). Age ranged from 3 years to 13 years old ($7.14{\pm}3.30$). $Mean{\pm}SD$ creatinine ($0.53{\pm}0.34 $mg/dl), phosphorus ($4.1{\pm}1.2$ mg/dL), and albumin ($3.3{\pm}0.3$ mg/dL) concentrations and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (all ratios were < 0.5) were within reference ranges. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed small-sized renal calculi, mineralization, or renal cyst at eight dogs. The global CT-GFR ranges shown in this study was 2.57 to 6.60 ml/min/kg. In this study, there was no trend toward weight-adjusted CT-GFR with increasing age. We found no relationships between age-related kidney dysfunction in fifteen dogs. Small-sized renal calculi or cysts did not affect renal function in this study. However, it is thought that a large sample size may have been required to document an age effect.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2005

One-lung ventilation (OLV) is the isolation and selective ventilation of one lung field. OLV allows the collapse of lung lobes on the side of the thoracic surgical approach to facilitate observation of intrathoracic structures and to achieve lung immobility. OLV be achieved by endotracheal intubation with double lumen tubes or bronchial blockers. In this study, cardiopulmonary consequences of two-lung ventilation (TLV), OLV and Re-TLV (TLV after OLV) were evaluated in 5 dogs. The dogs were anesthetized with mask induction and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Tidal volume and respiratory rates were set to maintain end-tidal $CO_2$ at $40{\pm}2mmHg$ during instrumentation. Following instrumentation, the dogs were placed in right lateral recumbency and induced spontaneously respiration state. Effect of TLV on hemodynamic and pulmonary variables were recorded. Then, the left bronchus was obstructed by endotracheal intubation with double lumen endotracheal tube to achieve OLV state and recording was continued. After OLV, double lumen endotracheal tube was extubated, and standard endotracheal tubes was intubated again. In this study, spontaneous OLV caused significant decrease in $PaO_2$, arterial oxygen saturation, mixed-venous oxygen saturation, and increase in $PaCO_2$. Especially, a significant elevation in $PaCO_2$ and respiratory acidosis were remarkable findings. So spontaneous ventilation in OLV affected gas exchange and hemodynamic function.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.363-365
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• 2015

The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is globally protected species and involved in a species restoration program by the Korea National Park Service. However, the bears could not be released into the wild were required regulation of population due to the limited space of breeding facility, so surgical castration was performed in two males. Bears were immobilized with a combination of 2 mg/kg tiletamine-zolazepam and $40{\mu}g/kg$ medetomidine, and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane via endotracheal tube intubation. Orchiectomy was carried out by the closed method using the LigaSure vessel sealing device through pre-scrotal incision. Subcutaneous tissues of the incision site were sutured by continuous pattern with absorbable suture material, and the skin incision was closed with tissue glue. The bears recovered uneventfully from general anesthesia after a duration of 58 min (bear A) and 53 min (bear B). Total surgical time was 26 min (bear A) and 24 min (bear B). No postoperative swelling or complications were observed. This is the first report that describes the use of the LigaSure for orchiectomy in the Asiatic black bear.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.473-478
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• 2011

The study evaluated the antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid (AA) against oxidative stress during laparotomy in dogs under general anesthesia using isoflurane. Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to either the ascorbic acid group (AAG) or the sham group (SG). AAG received intravenous dosage of 100 mg/animal of standard AA 10 minutes before anesthesia. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. Cortisol level increased significantly with time in both groups (p < 0.05). The change of glucose levels was not significantly different between both groups. TOS and OSI increased significantly with time in the SG (p < 0.05), whereas it did not significantly change with time in the AAG. The TOS and OSI of the AAG were significantly lower than in the SG (p < 0.05). However, TAS did not significantly change between both groups. The results suggest that the decrease of TOS in the AAG might be related to the conversion of antioxidants to oxidants. The decrease of OSI indicates that the decrease of reactive oxygen species (i.e., oxidative stress) produced at the site of injury is able to decrease surgical side effects of abnormal blood circulation, organ failure, and inflammation. Therefore, AA can be used to protect a surgical patient from oxidative stress in canine laparotomy.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2015

The report about equine anesthesias in Korea are very rare. This paper aimed at the mortality rate during anesthesia in Thoroughbred horses at Equine Hospital of Busan Race Park, KRA in South Korea from 2005 to 2010. Drugs used in anesthesia was IV injection of detomidine hydrochloride (0.01 mg/kg) or xylazine(0.5mg/kg) for sedation and premedication, Guaifenesin(50-100 mg/kg) for muscle relaxation, ketamine hydrochloride(2 mg/kg) for induction of anaesthesia and Inhalational isoflurane(1.3-1.5 %) to maintain anesthesia. Total number of anesthetic cases was 190, 150 of inhalational anesthesia and 40 of general anesthesia, repectively. The purpose of anesthesia was highest in the disorder of musculoskeletal system, followed by urogenital system and respiratory system Mortality case due to anesthesia was one during arthroscopic surgery for removal of osteochondral chip fragments. The time of anesthesia was 150 min, fatal sign was hypoxemia and the reason was improper machine operation of the anesthetist. In conclusion, the perianesthetic mortality rate during anesthesia in Thoroughbred horses at Busan Race Park was 0.52%(1 death per 190 anesthetics).

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

PET allows non-invasive, quantitative and repetitive imaging of biological function in living animals. Small animal PET imaging with $[^{18}F]$FDG has been successfully applied to investigation of metabolism, receptor-ligand interactions, gene expression, adoptive cell therapy and somatic gene therapy. Experimental condition of animal handling impacts on the biodistribution of $[^{18}F]$FDG in small animal study. The small animal PET and CT images were registered using the hardware fiducial markers and small animal contour point. Tumor imaging in small animal with small animal $[^{18}F]$FDG PET should be considered fasting, warming, and isoflurane anesthesia level. Registered imaging with small animal PET and CT image could be useful for the detection of tumor. Small animal experimental condition of animal handling and registration method will be of most importance for small lesion detection of metastases tumor model.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.59-66
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• 2010

목적 : 태충($LR_3$)에 자침을 하는 것이 쥐의 유방 조직에 미치는 혈역학적 변화를 측정하기 위하여 diffuse optical imaging 기법을 사용하였다. 방법 : 실험에 사용한 쥐는 자침을 하지 않은 대조군 7마리, 태충에 자침을 한 실험군 8마리로 총 2개의 군으로 나누었다. 몸무게 170g 정도의 건강한 암컷 쥐는 100% 산소와 1.5% isoflurane을 혼합한 것을 이용하여 마취시켰다. 자침은 양 발등의 첫째와 둘째 중족골 사이의 지점인 태충($LR_3$)에 20분간 시행하였다. Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic에서 개발된 modulated imaging system을 이용하여 자침하기 전과 자침하고 있는 동안에 산화혈색소(OHb), 탈산소혈색소(RHb), 총 혈색소(THb)와 조직 산소 포화도($StO_2$)의 영상을 얻었다. 결과 : 실험 결과 태충($LR_3$)에 자침을 한 실험군에서는 대조군에 비하여 유의성이 있는 OHb THb의 감소와 유의성이 없는 RHb의 증가가 나타났다. 결론 : Diffuse optical imaging 기법으로 자침 중에 조직 산소공급과 혈류량의 변화를 확인할 수 있었고, 이는 비침습적으로 자침의 효과를 측정하는 데 활용할 수 있다고 생각한다. 또한 자침으로 인한 유방조직의 혈역학적 조절은 암 검진뿐만 아니라 암 치료에도 다른 치료와 병행하여 활용할 수 있으리라 생각한다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.67-75
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• 2010

목적 : 족삼리($ST_{36}$) 자침이 유방 조직에 미치는 혈역학적 변화를 측정하기 위하여 diffuse optical imaging 기법을 사용하였다. 방법 : 실험에 사용한 쥐는 자침을 하지 않은 대조군 7마리, 자침을 한 실험군 7마리로 총 2개의 군으로 나누었다. 몸무게 170g 정도의 건강한 암컷 쥐는 100% 산소와 1.5% isoflurane을 혼합한 것을 이용하여 마취 시켰다. 자침은 경골 조면에서 2mm 외측에 위치한 지점인 족삼리($ST_{36}$)에 20분간 시행하였다. 자침을 시작할 때와 자침 후 10분에 각각 침을 5회 회전하였다. Diffuse optical imaging system을 이용하여 자침하는 동안 의 산화혈색소(OHb), 탈산소혈색소(RHb), 총 혈색소(THb)와 조직 산소 포화도($StO_2$)의 변화를 측정했다. 결과 : 실험 결과 족삼리($ST_{36}$) 자침을 시행한 실험군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의성이 있는 OHb, RHb, THb의 증가와 유의성이 없는 $StO_2$의 감소가 나타났다. 결론 : 이러한 결과 족삼리($ST_{36}$) 자침이 혈류를 증가시키고 동시에 세포 대사 활동을 증가 시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 diffuse optical imaging 기법으로 족삼리($ST_{36}$) 자침 시의 유방 조직의 산소공급과 혈류량의 변화를 확인할 수 있었고, 이는 비침습적으로 자침의 효과를 측정하는 데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.