• Title/Summary/Keyword: Input-output Model

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Floating Point Converter Design Supporting Double/Single Precision of IEEE754 (IEEE754 단정도 배정도를 지원하는 부동 소수점 변환기 설계)

  • Park, Sang-Su;Kim, Hyun-Pil;Lee, Yong-Surk
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.48 no.10
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    • pp.72-81
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    • 2011
  • In this paper, we proposed and designed a novel floating point converter which supports single and double precisions of IEEE754 standard. The proposed convertor supports conversions between floating point number single/double precision and signed fixed point number(32bits/64bits) as well as conversions between signed integer(32bits/64bits) and floating point number single/double precision and conversions between floating point number single and double precisions. We defined a new internal format to convert various input types into one type so that overflow checking could be conducted easily according to range of output types. The internal format is similar to the extended format of floating point double precision defined in IEEE754 2008 standard. This standard specifies that minimum exponent bit-width of the extended format of floating point double precision is 15bits, but 11bits are enough to implement the proposed converting unit. Also, we optimized rounding stage of the convertor unit so that we could make it possible to operate rounding and represent correct negative numbers using an incrementer instead an adder. We designed single cycle data path and 5 cycles data path. After describing the HDL model for two data paths of the convertor, we synthesized them with TSMC 180nm technology library using Synopsys design compiler. Cell area of synthesis result occupies 12,886 gates(2 input NAND gate), and maximum operating frequency is 411MHz.

Design of the Power Assist Controller for the In-Wheel Type Smart Wheelchair (인휠형 스마트 휠체어를 위한 힘 보조 제어기 설계)

  • Kong, Jung-Shik;Baek, Seung-Yub
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.80-85
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    • 2011
  • This paper presents the design of the power-assisted controller for the in-wheel type smart wheelchair by using torque estimation that is predicted by relationship between input voltage and output wheel angular velocity. Nowadays, interest of the moving assistant aids is increased according to the increase in population of the elderly and the handicapped person. However some of the moving assistant aids have problems. For example, manual wheelchair has difficulty moving at the slope, because users lack the muscular strength of their arm. In electric wheelchair case, users should be weak by being decreased muscles of upper body. To overcome these problems, power-assisted electric wheelchair are proposed. Most of the power-assisted electric wheelchair have the special rims that can measure the user's power. In here, the rims have to be designed to install the sensors to measure user's power. In this paper, we don't design the rim to measure the man power. To predict the man power, we propose a control algorithm of the in-wheeled electric wheelchair by using torque estimation from the wheel. First, we measure the wheel velocity and voltage at the in-wheel electric wheelchair. And then we extract driving will forces by using proposed mathematical model. Also they are applied at the controller as the control input, we verify to be able to control in-wheel type smart wheelchair by using simulation.

Development and Evaluation of Quality Assurance Worksheet for the Radiation Treatment Planning System (방사선치료계획 시스템의 정도관리 절차서 개발 및 유용성 평가)

  • Cho Kwang Hwan;Choi Jinho;Shin Dong Oh;Kwon Soo Il;Choi Doo Ho;Kim Yong Ho;Lee Sang Hoon
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.186-191
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    • 2004
  • The periodic Quality Assurance (QA) of each radiation treatment related equipments is important one, but quality assurance of the radiation treatment planning system (RTPS) is still not sufficient rather than other related equipments in clinics. Therefore, this study will present and test the periodic QA program to compare, evaluation the efficiency of the treatment planning systems. This QA program is divided to terms for the input, output devices and dosimetric data and categorized to the weekly, monthly, yearly and non-periodically with respect to the job time, frequency of error, priority of importance. CT images of the water equivalent solid phantom with a heterogeneity condition are input into the RTPS to proceed the test. The actual measurement data are obtained by using the ion chamber for the 6 MV, 10 MV photon beam, then compared a calculation data with a measurement data to evaluate the accuracy of the RTPS. Most of results for the accuracy of geometry and beam data are agreed within the error criteria which is recommended from the various advanced country and related societies. This result can be applied to the periodic QA program to improve the treatment outcome as a proper model in Korea and used to evaluate the accuracy of the RTPS.

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Korea Service Insensity and Economic Growth in Korea Economy (한국 경제의 서비스화와 생산성: 중간재 생산자 서비스와 비생산자 서비스의 비교를 중심으로)

  • Seok, Jun-Ho;Kim, Soo-Eun;Kim, Chul
    • International Area Studies Review
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.125-150
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    • 2011
  • As the economy grows, there is a concern that the economic development causes a productivity reduction because of the service intensive growth. However, the economy of developed countries encounter with the productivity growth as their economy grows, which phenomenon called Baumol's paradox. Oulton (1999, 2001) find out the reason of Baumol's paradox in a forward and backward chain effects. So, this paper is aimed at verifying the theory of Oulton (1999, 2001). Moreover, we test the difference effect between a consumer service and producer service input using a dummy variable. We use the Input-Output Table (1990, 1995, 2000, 2005) that is offered by the Bank of Korea to accomplish the purpose of our research that is represented above. We find out that the Korea's intermediate producer service inputs cause a multifactor productivity growth. That result is matched with the Oulton (1999, 2001)'s theory. But, the intermediate consumer service inputs don't have a significant effect on a multifactor productivity. The result of verifying the effect of intermediate producer service inputs among industries shows that the effects on manufacture industries are less than other industries.

Development of Deep Learning Structure to Secure Visibility of Outdoor LED Display Board According to Weather Change (날씨 변화에 따른 실외 LED 전광판의 시인성 확보를 위한 딥러닝 구조 개발)

  • Sun-Gu Lee;Tae-Yoon Lee;Seung-Ho Lee
    • Journal of IKEEE
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.340-344
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    • 2023
  • In this paper, we propose a study on the development of deep learning structure to secure visibility of outdoor LED display board according to weather change. The proposed technique secures the visibility of the outdoor LED display board by automatically adjusting the LED luminance according to the weather change using deep learning using an imaging device. In order to automatically adjust the LED luminance according to weather changes, a deep learning model that can classify the weather is created by learning it using a convolutional network after first going through a preprocessing process for the flattened background part image data. The applied deep learning network reduces the difference between the input value and the output value using the Residual learning function, inducing learning while taking the characteristics of the initial input value. Next, by using a controller that recognizes the weather and adjusts the luminance of the outdoor LED display board according to the weather change, the luminance is changed so that the luminance increases when the surrounding environment becomes bright, so that it can be seen clearly. In addition, when the surrounding environment becomes dark, the visibility is reduced due to scattering of light, so the brightness of the electronic display board is lowered so that it can be seen clearly. By applying the method proposed in this paper, the result of the certified measurement test of the luminance measurement according to the weather change of the LED sign board confirmed that the visibility of the outdoor LED sign board was secured according to the weather change.

Comparison of Integrated Health and Welfare Service Provision Projects Centered on Medical Institutions (의료기관 중심 보건의료·복지 통합 서비스 제공 사업 비교)

  • Su-Jin Lee;Jong-Yeon Kim
    • Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.132-145
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    • 2024
  • Objectives: This study compares cases of Dalgubeol Health Care Project, 301 Network Project, and 3 for 1 Project based on program logic models to derive measures for promoting integrated healthcare and welfare services centered around medical institutions. Methods: From January to December 2021, information on the implementation systems and performance of each institution was collected. Data sources included prior academic research, project reports, operational guidelines, official press releases, media articles, and written surveys from project managers. A program logic model analysis framework was applied, structuring the information based on four elements: situation, input, activity, and output. Results: All three projects aimed to address the fragmentation of health and welfare services and medical blind spots. Despite similar multidisciplinary team compositions, differences existed in specific fields, recruitment scale, and employment types. Variations in funding sources led to differences in community collaboration, support methods, and future directions. There were discrepancies in the number of beneficiaries and medical treatments, with different results observed when comparing the actual number of people to input manpower and project cost per beneficiary. Conclusions: To design an integrated health and welfare service provision system centered on medical institutions, securing a stable funding mechanism and establishing an appropriate target population and service delivery system are crucial. Additionally, installing a dedicated department within the medical institution to link activities across various sectors, rather than outsourcing, is necessary. Ensuring appropriate recruitment and stable employment systems is needed. A comprehensive provision system offering services from mild to severe cases through public-private cooperation is suggested.

The Prediction of DEA based Efficiency Rating for Venture Business Using Multi-class SVM (다분류 SVM을 이용한 DEA기반 벤처기업 효율성등급 예측모형)

  • Park, Ji-Young;Hong, Tae-Ho
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.139-155
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    • 2009
  • For the last few decades, many studies have tried to explore and unveil venture companies' success factors and unique features in order to identify the sources of such companies' competitive advantages over their rivals. Such venture companies have shown tendency to give high returns for investors generally making the best use of information technology. For this reason, many venture companies are keen on attracting avid investors' attention. Investors generally make their investment decisions by carefully examining the evaluation criteria of the alternatives. To them, credit rating information provided by international rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's, Moody's and Fitch is crucial source as to such pivotal concerns as companies stability, growth, and risk status. But these types of information are generated only for the companies issuing corporate bonds, not venture companies. Therefore, this study proposes a method for evaluating venture businesses by presenting our recent empirical results using financial data of Korean venture companies listed on KOSDAQ in Korea exchange. In addition, this paper used multi-class SVM for the prediction of DEA-based efficiency rating for venture businesses, which was derived from our proposed method. Our approach sheds light on ways to locate efficient companies generating high level of profits. Above all, in determining effective ways to evaluate a venture firm's efficiency, it is important to understand the major contributing factors of such efficiency. Therefore, this paper is constructed on the basis of following two ideas to classify which companies are more efficient venture companies: i) making DEA based multi-class rating for sample companies and ii) developing multi-class SVM-based efficiency prediction model for classifying all companies. First, the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is a non-parametric multiple input-output efficiency technique that measures the relative efficiency of decision making units(DMUs) using a linear programming based model. It is non-parametric because it requires no assumption on the shape or parameters of the underlying production function. DEA has been already widely applied for evaluating the relative efficiency of DMUs. Recently, a number of DEA based studies have evaluated the efficiency of various types of companies, such as internet companies and venture companies. It has been also applied to corporate credit ratings. In this study we utilized DEA for sorting venture companies by efficiency based ratings. The Support Vector Machine(SVM), on the other hand, is a popular technique for solving data classification problems. In this paper, we employed SVM to classify the efficiency ratings in IT venture companies according to the results of DEA. The SVM method was first developed by Vapnik (1995). As one of many machine learning techniques, SVM is based on a statistical theory. Thus far, the method has shown good performances especially in generalizing capacity in classification tasks, resulting in numerous applications in many areas of business, SVM is basically the algorithm that finds the maximum margin hyperplane, which is the maximum separation between classes. According to this method, support vectors are the closest to the maximum margin hyperplane. If it is impossible to classify, we can use the kernel function. In the case of nonlinear class boundaries, we can transform the inputs into a high-dimensional feature space, This is the original input space and is mapped into a high-dimensional dot-product space. Many studies applied SVM to the prediction of bankruptcy, the forecast a financial time series, and the problem of estimating credit rating, In this study we employed SVM for developing data mining-based efficiency prediction model. We used the Gaussian radial function as a kernel function of SVM. In multi-class SVM, we adopted one-against-one approach between binary classification method and two all-together methods, proposed by Weston and Watkins(1999) and Crammer and Singer(2000), respectively. In this research, we used corporate information of 154 companies listed on KOSDAQ market in Korea exchange. We obtained companies' financial information of 2005 from the KIS(Korea Information Service, Inc.). Using this data, we made multi-class rating with DEA efficiency and built multi-class prediction model based data mining. Among three manners of multi-classification, the hit ratio of the Weston and Watkins method is the best in the test data set. In multi classification problems as efficiency ratings of venture business, it is very useful for investors to know the class with errors, one class difference, when it is difficult to find out the accurate class in the actual market. So we presented accuracy results within 1-class errors, and the Weston and Watkins method showed 85.7% accuracy in our test samples. We conclude that the DEA based multi-class approach in venture business generates more information than the binary classification problem, notwithstanding its efficiency level. We believe this model can help investors in decision making as it provides a reliably tool to evaluate venture companies in the financial domain. For the future research, we perceive the need to enhance such areas as the variable selection process, the parameter selection of kernel function, the generalization, and the sample size of multi-class.

Determining the Size of a Hankel Matrix in Subspace System Identification for Estimating the Stiffness Matrix and Flexural Rigidities of a Shear Building (전단빌딩의 강성행렬 및 부재의 강성추정을 위한 부분공간 시스템 확인기법에서의 행켈행렬의 크기 결정)

  • Park, Seung-Keun;Park, Hyun Woo
    • Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.99-112
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    • 2013
  • This paper presents a subspace system identification for estimating the stiffness matrix and flexural rigidities of a shear building. System matrices are estimated by LQ decomposition and singular value decomposition from an input-output Hankel matrix. The estimated system matrices are converted into a real coordinate through similarity transformation, and the stiffness matrix is estimated from the system matrices. The accuracy and the stability of an estimated stiffness matrix depend on the size of the associated Hankel matrix. The estimation error curve of the stiffness matrix is obtained with respect to the size of a Hankel matrix using a prior finite element model of a shear building. The sizes of the Hankel matrix, which are consistent with a target accuracy level, are chosen through this curve. Among these candidate sizes of the Hankel matrix, more proper one can be determined considering the computational cost of subspace identification. The stiffness matrix and flexural rigidities are estimated using the Hankel matrix with the candidate sizes. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through the numerical example of a five-story shear building model with and without damage.

Kinematics and Structural Analysis for Optimization of an Electro-Hydraulic Sliding Deck Systems (전동 유압 슬라이딩 데크 시스템 최적화를 위한 기구학 및 구조해석)

  • Moon, Hyeok-Joo;Ryuh, Beom-Sahng;Oh, Young-Sup;Kim, Man-Jung;Lee, Jung-hun
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.21-28
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    • 2017
  • Electro-hydraulic sliding deck systems have been developed to reduce the weight for the loading of an agricultural machine. The extension length of the sliding deck was calculated according to the bed's dump angle. The optimum thickness and material were determined using a large and heavy load at acceptable angles. In addition, the degrees of freedom were calculated to obtain the input/output relationship of the system. An equation was derived using a simplified model formula for the extended length of the sliding deck according to the bed's dump angle. Also, the advance length at the maximum and minimum angles of the system was determined using numerical analysis. A down-scaled model of the system was constructed and verified by experiments. The deck was simplified to determine the material and thickness of the sliding deck and for the selection of the two representative materials. The simplified model was tested in deformation tests and stress tests with different thicknesses and materials using a structure analysis program. The analysis results show that ATOS80 is the best among the two materials for reducing the weight of the system.

INTEGRATED RAY TRACING MODEL FOR END-TO-END PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION OF AMON-RA INSTRUMENT (AMON-RA 광학계를 활용한 통합적 광선 추적 기법의 지구 반사율 측정 성능 검증)

  • Lee, Jae-Min;Park, Won-Hyun;Ham, Sun-Jeong;Yi, Hyun-Su;Yoon, Jee-Yeon;Kim, Sug-Whan;Choi, Ki-Hyuk;Kim, Zeen-Chul;Lockwood, Mike
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.69-78
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    • 2007
  • The international EARTHSHINE mission is to measure 1% anomaly of the Earth global albedo and total solar irradiance using Amon-Ra instrument around Lagrange point 1. We developed a new ray truing based integrated end-to-end simulation tool that overcomes the shortcomings of the existing end-to-end performance simulation techniques. We then studied the in-orbit radiometric performance of the breadboard Anon-Ra visible channel optical system. The TSI variation and the Earth albedo anomaly, reported elsewhere, were used as the key input variables in the simulation. The output flux at the instrument focal plane confirms that the integrated ray tracing based end-to-end science simulation delivers the correct level of incident power to the Amon-Ra instrument well within the required measurement error budget of better than ${\pm}0.28%$. Using the global angular distribution model (ADM), the incident flux is then used to estimate the Earth global albedo and the TSI variation, confirming the validity of the primary science cases at the L1 halo orbit. These results imply that the integrated end-to-end ray tracing technique, reported here, can serve as an effective and powerful building block of the on-line science analysis tool in support of the international EARTHSHINE mission currently being developed.